Bengicabanga ukuthi isikhathi ebesilangazelelwa yibo bonke abashayeli ngabe sesifikile, kodwa nganginephutha: bekufanele ngiqale unyaka. ukukhumbuza abagibeli abasezihlalweni ezingemuva ngesibopho sokubopha amabhande abo futhi iqiniso liwukuthi lesi simo singaphezu kwansuku zonke kunalokho abaningi bethu abangathanda. Ngokwami, ngikuthola kucasula ukuthi ngikukhumbule futhi nezaba ezithile zisangimangaza.
Ngaphakathi yikuphi ukuphepha kwemoto okungahleliwe, ibhande lesihlalo liyisici esiwusizo kakhulu, ngisho nangaphambi kwama-airbag noma izindawo zokuguga ezihleliwe zomzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sonke sifuna ukuthi isetshenziswe kakhulu futhi kungadingeki ukuthi sizame ezinye izici ezimbili zokuphepha.
imvelaphi yebhande lesihlalo
Iqale yenzelwe i-aeronautics, ibhande lesihlalo alizange lifinyelele emkhakheni wezimoto kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwawo-XNUMX isandla sibambene nosomabhizinisi nomklami uPreston Tucker kanye nemoto yakhe (kuphela) eyakhiwe, Tucker '48 Sedan, eyaziwa ngokuthi iTucker Torpedo.
I-Tucker Torpedo
Le moto eyethulwa ngo-1947 yayinomklamo wekusasa kanye nezisombululo zobuchwepheshe, njengokujova uphethiloli, kanye nentuthuko ehlobene nokuphepha uma kwenzeka ingozi, njengebhokisi lokuqondisa elitholakala ngemuva kwe-asi yangaphambili noma amabhande ezihlalo ngokwawo. Isethulo sakhe saba umcimbi wokuzijabulisa nakuba ukwehluleka okuningi ezimotweni zokubonisa kanye nasekuhleleni umcimbi ngokwawo kwenza isenzo sibe yi-fiasco.
Konke lokhu kwehluleka kwaxazululwa ngaphambi kokuba uhambo lwayo lwezentengiselwano luqale. Izinkinga zikagesi, obungenalo igiya elibuyela emuva, zaxazululwa ngokuqasha onjiniyela ababhekele ukuhanjiswa kwe-Buick's Dynaflow, kwathi injini yokuqala yashintshwa yafakwa I-Franklin block 5.5 litres, 124 kw (169 hp) namanzi apholisiwe, asetshenziswa ezindizeni ezinophephela emhlane futhi ihlolwe amahora angu-150 ngesivinini sayo esiphezulu (cishe amakhilomitha angu-30.000) ukuze ifakazele ukwethembeka kwayo.
Abakhiqizi Abathathu Abakhulu bakwaDetroit, UChrysler, Ford noGeneral Motors babone uTucker njengosongo olukhulu emikhiqizweni yabo. futhi basebenzisana no-Preston Tucker “ngosizo” lwalowo owayeyilungu lephalamende ngaleso sikhathi waseDetroit, uHomer Samuel Ferguson waseRiphabhulikhi, owayephethe ukuphakamisa zonke izithiyo zokuphatha ngokumelene noTucker waze waqiniseka ngokwehluleka kwakhe.
Kulesi simo, i-prototype eyodwa kuphela kanye namayunithi okukhiqiza angamashumi amahlanu e-Tucker '48 Sedan akhiwe. Kumayunithi angamashumi amahlanu nanye, namuhla 48 iphila esimweni esihle futhi intengo yayo endalini isivele ingaphezu kwesigidi samadola.
Iphakethe le-Ford SafeGuard
Ngawo-50, uRobert Strange McNamara osemusha waba ngumdlali umongameli wokuqala weFord Motor Company owayengahlobene nomsunguli, uHenry Ford. Lo somabhizinisi owakha e-Harvard Business School futhi oneziqu zezobuciko azithola e-Berkeley University waziwa kakhulu ngokuba nguNobhala Wezokuvikela wase-US (kusukela ngo-1961 kuya ku-1968) kanye nomongameli weBhange Lomhlaba (kusukela ngo-1968 kuya ku-1981).
Kusukela ngo-1955, uMnu McNamara, owayephinde abe yilungu le-Republican Party, wayengumongameli weFord Motor Company, lapho uSenator Ferguson eseshiyile isikhundla sakhe eDetroit ukuze athathe isikhundla sakhe kuqala njengeNxusa laseMelika ePhilippine. lelo lejaji eNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Yase-United States for the Armed Forces futhi ngemva, ngenxa yelukuluku lomlando, amalungelo obunikazi enziwe u-Preston Tucker anyamalala, Amamodeli akwaFord aqale ukunikeza iphakheji ozikhethela lona elibizwa ngokuthi i-SafeGuard okwakuhlanganisa kokubili ibhande lesihlalo emathangeni kanye nedeshibhodi enama-padded.
ISaba 93
El I-Saab 93 ingena kulesi sihloko kunalokho yenze kancane i-bobbin lace kunokuba izenzele yona. Isizathu siwukuthi ngo-1957, unyaka ngemva kokwethulwa, le modeli yaqala ukunikeza ibhande lesihlalo elinamaphuzu amabili njengemishini ozikhethela yona, ngaphandle kwasesimweni se-sportier salo iGran Turismo 750 (GT750), eyalihlomisa njengengxenye yomdlalo. I-Serie.
Volvo
Ngesizathu esingavamile, noma nini lapho kukhulunywa nganoma iyiphi into yezokuphepha, i-Volvo yaseSweden iyavela. Maqondana namabhande ezihlalo singawabiza amagama VolvoAmazon futhi i I-Volvo PV444 / PV544, okwathi ngo-1959 kwaba izimoto zokuqala ukwethula amabhande ezihlalo anamaphuzu amathathu njengemishini evamile.
I-Los I-Volvo PV444 / PV544 babefike emakethe ngo-1944 futhi akushiwo lutho ngokuba khona kwebhande lesihlalo noma cha. Ngokwakhe, i VolvoAmazon Yaqala ukuthengiswa ngo-1956 futhi yayifakwe ibhande lesihlalo elinamaphuzu amabili, nakuba ngingenaso isiqiniseko sokuthi lalinjengemishini evamile noma njengento ongayikhetha.
Njenge-anecdote ehloniphekile ebhekiswe kumkhiqizo waseSweden, kungashiwo ukuthi umsunguli webhande lesihlalo elinamaphuzu amathathu wasungulwa futhi wathuthukiswa unjiniyela uNils Bohlin, eyabhaliswa ngoJulayi 1962 eHhovisi Lobunikazi Lase-United States futhi okuyinto umkhiqizo ulahle amalungelo alo obunikazi ukuze bonke abakhiqizi bakwazi ukufaka amabhande ezihlalo anamaphuzu amathathu ezimotweni zabo.
ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezobuchwepheshe
Once the VolvoAmazon ehlome amabhande ezihlalo ezinamaphuzu amathathu singasho ukuthi yonke indaba isekelwe ekuguqukeni nasekuthuthukisweni komshini. Ukuthi yebo, ukushiya eceleni amabhande okuphepha amaphuzu amane, amahlanu nayisithupha ngenxa yokwethulwa kwawo okuyivelakancane ezingeni lezohwebo emkhakheni wezimoto zabagibeli nezimoto ezincane.
I-reel inertial
I-inertial reel, eyamiswa eYurophu ngeminyaka yama-XNUMX, ivumele ibhande lesihlalo ukuthi lihlale lilungiswa emzimbeni ngaphandle kokuthi uyilungise ngesandla njalo uma umshayeli eshintsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, thina esikama izinwele ezimpunga siyakhumbula ukuthi lokhu kulungiswa akwenziwanga ngendlela eqinile futhi kwakuyinto evamile ukubona abagibeli behlezi ezihlalweni ezingaphambili bebophe amabhande axega ngokweqile, okuthi esikhundleni sokunciphisa izingozi zicishe ziphindaphindeke.
Ngokombono wokuphepha, uma kwenzeka ingozi noma ukwehla okuqinile, ama-inertial reels anjalo ukwazi ukukhiya ibhande lesihlalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umzimba unamathele kahle esihlalweni. Ngokombono wobuhle, ama-inertial reels anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi amabhande ezihlalo abekwe ngendlela efanele uma engasetshenziswa futhi "awalahlwa" nganoma iyiphi indlela ezihlalweni noma, njengoba kwakunjalo ku- I-Renault 12, "ilenga" ohlotsheni lwesiphanyeko olwaluphezu kwensika engu-B.
I-inertial reel yebhande lesihlalo ingalahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi lokho kuyinto esingayibona kalula uma lapho sisusa ibhande lesihlalo sibona ukuthi alikhuphuki ngesivinini kanye/noma amandla elaliwenza ngawo ngaphambili futhi okungenzeka kube ngenxa yokuba khona kothuli emshinini noma ngoba i-pickup spring ilahlekelwe ukungezwani.
Amabhande ezihlalo angashintshiwe (azenzakalelayo).
Ngo-1972, i- Volkswagen ESVW1 Experimental Safety Vehicle ifakwe ezihlalweni zangaphambili ezinebhande lesihlalo elinamaphuzu amabili eliphakathi kwesisekelo esimaphakathi sesihlalo nohlaka lomnyango ohlangothini ngalunye. Lapho ukuxhumana sekwenziwe, ingxenye eyayifakwe ihange kuhlaka lomnyango isuke ngokuzenzakalelayo isuka engxenyeni engaphambili yokuphumula iye engxenyeni engemuva yohlaka. Bekuyisixazululo esinethezekile, nakuba indawo yesisu yayikhohliwe futhi umphumela wayo wobuhle wawungaphezu kokuphikisana. Ngo-1973 iVolvo yazama ukwakha ibhande lezihlalo elilingana nalo kodwa elinomklamo onamaphuzu amathathu kodwa iphrojekthi ayizange iqhubeke. Kwakungo-1975 lapho i- I-Volkswagen Golf I-American ibe yimoto yokuqala ukuhlomisa lolu hlobo lwebhande lesihlalo.
Eminyakeni emibili nje kamuva, lolu hlelo lokuvimbela lwathola umfutho wezombangazwe lapho u-Brock Adams, uNobhala Wezokuthutha waseMelika ngaphansi kukaJimmy Carter, eyala ukuthi Kusukela ngo-1983, zonke izimoto ezimakethwa e-United States zazifakwe ibhande lesihlalo noma i-airbag.. EYurophu, ukusetshenziswa kwalolu hlobo lwebhande lesihlalo kwakungaphezu nje kwenganekwane.
Lesi sinyathelo sanqatshwa kabanzi ngabakwa- ummeli kanye nesishoshovu uRalph Nader, owaziwa ngokuhlela le ncwadi ngo-1965 Akuphephile kunoma isiphi isivinini: izingozi zomklamo wesimanje wemoto, lapho egxeke khona ukuthi izimoto eziningi zaseMelika bezingasebenzi kahle ngokwezokuphepha, ikakhulukazi lezo ezakhiwe ngabakwaGeneral Motors futhi zikhomba ikakhulukazi iChevrolet Corvair, okuyinhlanganisela yokumiswa kwayo okuthambile, injini yangemuva kanye nebhalansi eyinhlekelele yezisindo phakathi kwama-axles eyenze yafinyelela. okungaphezu "kokujabulisa" ukushayela ngenxa yokuthambekela kwayo ukugingqika nokugingqika.
Olunye udaba olwaba nomthelela ekuyekisweni kokwakhiwa kwebhande lesihlalo esingenasici kwakuwumbiko wango-1978 woMnyango Wezokuthutha wase-United States owawuthi. Izinga lokufa kwebhande lesihlalo sokusebenza lalingu-78 wamamayela ayizigidi eziyikhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokufa kwabantu abangu-2 ngamabhande ezihlalo "avamile" anamaphuzu amathathu.. Lokhu kwaholela ku-1981 ku-Drew Levis, uNobhala Wezokuthutha ekuphathweni kwe-Reagan, echitha igunya likamanduleli wakhe u-Brock Adams.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ngo-1984, u-Elisabeth Dole, owayenguNobhala omusha wezokuThutha futhi ngaphansi kukaRonald Reagan, wahlongoza ukuthi Ngaphambi kuka-1990, zonke izimoto ezithengiswayo e-United States zazifakwe amabhande ezihlalo ezizenzakalelayo noma ama-airbag aseceleni.. Ngenxa yezizathu zezindleko, abakhiqizi bakhethe ibhande lesihlalo sokwenziwa kuze kube ngu-1995, lapho ukufakwa kwesikhwama somoya esiseceleni kuphoqeleka. Ngemuva kwalolu suku, yiFord Escorts/Mercury Tracers kanye ne-Eagle Small Wagons kuphela ababehlonyiswe ngazo zombili izinhlelo zokuphepha kwaze kwaba maphakathi no-1996.
umzenzisi
Ama-pretensioners okuqala ebhande aqalwa yinkampani yaseJalimane i-Audi ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMXs ngesikhathi ithuthukisa lolu hlelo. I-ProconTen, esetshenziswa okokuqala ku- I-Audi 100 C3 ngo-1986. Le mishini yamakhebula kanye nama-pulleys yasebenzisa ithuba lokugudluzwa kwamabhulokhi enjini abekwe ngobude ukuze aqinise amabhande ezihlalo futhi asuse ikholomu yokuqondisa kude nomzimba womshayeli.
Bekungelona uhlelo olubi futhi kukholakala ukuthi yisona sizathu esenze ukuthi uhlobo lwe-Audi luphuze kangaka ukufaka izinhlelo zokuthimba okuyi-airbag (airbag) uma kuqhathaniswa neBMW neMercedes-Benz. Kungashiwo ukuthi kucishe kufane nokwenzeka ngesikhathi iqembu lakwaVolkswagen liqhubeka nokubheja ngezinjini zikadizili ezifunzwa ngomjovo kanti ezinye izinhlobo zase zivele zisezingeni eliphezulu.
Ibhande lesihlalo elinesikhwama somoya
Itholakala njengenketho ezimotweni ezifana ne I-Ford Mondeo MKV noma i I-Mercedes W222, leli bhande lesihlalo lihlomisa i-airbag encane (i-beltbag) kumabhande angaphandle angemuva ukuze kwandiswe ukuvikelwa kwabahlezi kuwo.
Njengamanje akulona uhlelo olusabalele kakhulu kodwa kulindeleke ukuthi amabhrendi amaningi azokufaka kancane kancane emikhiqizweni yawo emisha.
Ukubekwa kwebhande lesihlalo okulungile
Ukubeka ibhande lesihlalo ngendlela efanele kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa umsebenzi walo kanye nezinga lokuvikela. Khumbula ukuthi ibhande elibekwe kabi aligcini nje ngokuvikela kahle kodwa lingandisa ukulimala okudalwa ingozi.
Ibhande lesihlalo liboshelwa kahle uma:
- Isihlalo esingemuva sime sime ngangokunokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukunethezeka kwabagibeli.
- Ibhande lebhande linamathele emzimbeni kakade kusukela ku-clavicle.
- Ibhande elingezansi lisekela amathambo e-hip.
- Ibhande lebhande alinawo ama-creases noma/noma ukugoba.
Kumele babolekise ukunakwa okukhethekile abesifazane abakhulelwe, ozosebenzisa ibhande lesihlalo kanje:
- Ibhande elingenhla kufanele lidluliselwe phakathi kwamabele.
- Ibhande elingezansi ngaphansi kwesisu.
- Ezigabeni zakamuva zokukhulelwa, bangasebenzisa i-accessory ukuze baphambukise ibhande elingezansi.
Kubaluleke kakhulu njengokufaka ibhande lesihlalo ngendlela efanele qaphela inani lezingubo esizigqokayo. Ibhande lesihlalo akufanele lisetshenziswe ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezingubo ngenxa yokusha okungase kubangele esikhumbeni, kodwa ukugqoka inqwaba yezingubo kungabangela umzimba ukuba ushelele esihlalweni (umphumela wangaphansi kwamanzi) kanye nebhande elingaphezulu lishelele. izingubo futhi kubangele umonakalo entanyeni. Ngezinye izikhathi lo monakalo ungabangela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhubazeka noma ngisho nokufa.
Ukugcinwa kwebhande lesihlalo
Ngokuyinhloko ungakusho lokho ibhande alidingi ukunakekelwa okudlula ukuliphatha ngothando. Ngalokhu ngiqonde ukuthi akufanele idonswe kanzima uma sizoyigqoka, futhi akufanele ivunyelwe ukucosha kuphela uma siyikhipha. Ngaphandle kwalokho, uma senza lokhu kokugcina, kungenzeka ukuthi i-buckle iqhume futhi ishaye iphaneli yangaphakathi yomnyango noma iwindi ngokwalo.
Uma kwenzeka sibona ukuthi ibhande lesihlalo lingcolile, singadlula isicoci se-vacuum ngebhulashi phezu kwalo futhi kuphela esimweni sebala eligcina isikhathi sizosebenzisa amanzi nensipho engathathi hlangothi. Siphinde silinde ukuthi wome ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuwuvumela ukuthi uphele umoya ngoba uma amanzi engena ku-inertial reel angonakala.
Ukusebenzisa ibhande lesihlalo
Ngokomthetho, kunqunywa ukuthi:
"Umshayeli kanye nabagibeli bezimoto banesibopho sokusebenzisa ibhande lesihlalo, izigqoko zokuzivikela kanye nezinye izinto zokuvikela kanye nemishini yokuphepha ngaphansi kwemibandela futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, lapho kufanele, kunqunywa umthethonqubo.".
Futhi, ukungalifasi ibhande kuyicala elinzima, okuyicala futhi lifakwe ekushintshanisweni kolwazi oluwela umngcele ngamacala omgwaqo. esebenza e-European Union (eqondwa ngomqondo wamabhande ezihlalo, izigqoko zokuzivikela noma amasistimu okuvimbela izingane).
Njenganoma yimuphi umthetho, ngalo mqondo kukhona futhi uchungechunge okuhlukile okufanele kuthathwe cabangela. Nalu uhlu lwamacala lapho kungadingeki ukusebenzisa ibhande lesihlalo:
- Bonke abashayeli uma benza umsebenzi we reverse noma park.
- Abantu abanikezwe isitifiketi sokukhululwa izinkinga zezempilo ezingathi sína noma ukukhubazeka (edolobheni kuphela). Kulokhu, isitifiketi kufanele sethulwe uma sifunwa yinoma yimuphi umenzeli wesikhulu esibhekele umgwaqo. Ukwengeza, isitifiketi soqobo kufanele sethulwe, kanye nekhophi ehunyushwe ngokusemthethweni ngokwezwe esikulo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma siseSpain, eyokuqala izosebenza, kodwa uma siya eJalimane ngemoto, kuwukuhlakanipha ukuletha ukuhumusha okusemthethweni ngesiFulentshi nesiJalimane.
- abashayeli bamatekisi lapho ushayela kuthrafikhi yasemadolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuzungeza kuthrafikhi yasemadolobheni noma ezindaweni zasemadolobheni emadolobheni amakhulu, bazokwazi ukuthutha abantu abangaphansi kwamasentimitha angu-135 ukuphakama ngaphandle kokusebenzisa idivayisi yokulondoloza egunyaziwe inqobo nje uma behlala esihlalweni sangemuva.
- Abasabalalisi bempahla uma benza ngokulandelana Ukulayisha nokukhipha imisebenzi ezindaweni eziqhelelene.
- Abashayeli nabagibeli be- izimoto ezisenkonzweni yezimo eziphuthumayo kuthrafikhi yasemadolobheni (iso, abangani bamaphoyisa).
- Iziqapha zesikole zokushayela, kuthrafikhi yasemadolobheni kuphela.
Futhi masingagxili kukho ngoba akusekho ukukhululeka ekusetshenzisweni kwamabhande, ngakho niyazi, Into yokuqala okufanele uyenze ngokushesha nje lapho ungena emotweni ukufaka ibhande lakho lesihlalo..