Amagama amake imboni yezimoto

Kukhona amagama amaningi abaluleke kakhulu embonini yezimoto, onjiniyela abaningi kanye nosomabhizinisi abaguqule umkhakha wezimoto. Ezinye zazo azibonwa, aziziwa, kodwa ezinye seziphenduke izinganekwane zezimoto.

Lesi sihloko sizobanikezela kubo lapho sizobona khona amadoda athile kumake umkhakha wezimoto kakhulu. Uyafuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngabo?

U-Andre Citroen

U-Andre Citroen Wazalelwa edolobheni laseParis ngoFebhuwari 5, 1878. Wayeyindodana kaLévie Citroën, umsiki wedayimane ongumJuda waseNetherlands owathuthela eParis ngo-1873, kanye noMasza Amelia Kleinman, umJuda wasePoland odabuka eWarsaw. Ngemva kokufika kwakhe eParis, u-Lévie Citroen wanquma ukushintsha indlela yokubhala isibongo sakhe wasishintsha saba yi-Citroën, wengeza i-umlaut.

Isigameko esibuhlungu senzeka ngo-September 14, 1884, lapho u-André eneminyaka emihlanu kuphela ubudala: uyise wazibulala. Ebhekene nalesi simo, unina wamcela ukuba athathe ibhizinisi ledayimane nelamaparele elihle okwakungelomyeni wakhe. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi, u-André wathola i-avant-garde kanye nomsebenzi wombono kaJules Verne, ithonya elalizophawula ukuphila kwakhe kuze kube phakade. I ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sodumo se-Eiffel Tower for the World's Fair eParis ngo-1889 kwavusa isithakazelo sakhe sokuba unjiniyela nosozimboni., futhi yamshukumisela ukuba abhekane nezinselele ezinkulu zemboni yezimoto zekhulu lama-XNUMX.

Lapho eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili, ngonyaka ka-1900, waphothula esikoleni esihlonishwayo i-l'École Polytechnique, isikole esihamba phambili kwezobunjiniyela eFrance. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wawusenkampanini yamasondo yabangane bomndeni, lapho athola khona ugqozi ohlelweni lwegiya ayezolisebenzisa kamuva njengesisekelo sezimpawu zemoto yakhe: umcibisholo ophindwe kabili odumile, noma i-chevron. Yileyo ndlela ayesebenzisa ngayo lolu phawu futhi wasungula i-brand eyaziwa kakhulu i-Citroen.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu, u-André wayeyingqalabutho kwezinye izindaba embonini yezimoto, akagcinanga ngokusungula uhlobo lomkhiqizo, futhi waba yingqalabutho ekusebenziseni izindlela zokukhiqiza izimoto. umsebenzi we-chain eYurophu, wakha i ukuthungela kukagesi izimoto kanye futhi i-front-wheel drive.

UGottlieb Daimler

UGottlieb Wilhelm Daimler, wayehamba phambili phakathi konjiniyela abadumile, abakhi nosozimboni eJalimane. Uthathwa njengomunye wamavulandlela embonini yezimoto ngezizathu ezimbalwa esizozibona kamuva. Wazalwa ngonyaka we-1834 eSchorndorf, idolobha elitholakala cishe amakhilomitha angama-20 empumalanga yeStuttgart. Abazali bakhe kwakunguJohannes Däumler, owayengumbhaki, nomkakhe uFrederika. Washada no-Emma Kurtz ngo-1867 futhi waba nezingane ezinhlanu.

UDaimler wafunda eStuttgart Polytechnic School. Ngemva kokuphothula ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe, waqala waphendukela ekwenzeni izikhali, kodwa kamuva waphendukela kubunjiniyela bemishini. Ufunde emazweni afana neFrance, Belgium ne-England. Lapho ebuyela eJalimane, wathola ulwazi ezinkampanini ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene nobunjiniyela bemishini, kwaze kwaba yilapho eqokwa ngo-1872. umqondisi wezobuchwepheshe wenkampani eholwa nguNikolaus Otto, umsunguli we injini kaphethiloli enemivimbo emine.

Ngesikhathi esenkampanini, uDaimler waqaphela amandla okusebenzisa injini eyenziwe embonini yaseDeutz ekuqhubekiseni izimoto. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi wayengenakho ukusekelwa okudingekayo ukuze afeze imibono yakhe, uDaimler wanquma ukuyishiya inkampani futhi waziqalela esakhe ishabhu. Ngo-1882, washiya inkampani ka-Otto futhi eyasungulwa kanye noWilhelm Maybach imboni yakhe ezinikele ekwakhiweni kwezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, banelungelo lobunikazi benye yezinjini zokuqala ezikwazi ukushayela izimoto ngesivinini esikhulu futhi bahlakulela i-carburetor yokuqala evumela ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli njengophethiloli.

Le moto entsha yafakwa ebhayisikilini, okwenza kube a isithuthuthu sokuqala emlandweni. Eqhubeka nokuhlola kwakhe imishini, ngokushesha ngemva kokwakha imoto enamasondo amane ngesiteringi, ukushayela ibhande no-gearbox onamagiya amane. Le moto yayihamba ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha ayishumi nesishiyagalombili ngehora futhi, ukuze ihwebe ngayo, uDaimler wasungula eyakhe imboni. Futhi ngakho-ke kuzozalwa iMercedes yokuqala, kanye noKarl Benz, abasungula uhlobo lweMercedes-Benz.

UDaimler wayeyingqalabutho ekuthuthukisweni kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, futhi waba ngowokuqala ukufaka injini emotweni enamasondo amabili, Uthathwa njengomsunguli weloli, Njll

Rudolf Diesel

URudolf Christian Karl Diesel, owaziwa ngelika Rudolf Diesel, wayengunjiniyela waseFranco-German owaziwa ngokuthi umsunguli wenjini yedizili namafutha abizwa ngegama lakhe. Ukusungulwa kukadizili kuguqule ukushiswa kwenjini ngokwenza ukuthi kwenzeke ngaphakathi. Ngokucindezela umoya ku-cylinder, kwakwenziwa ukufudumeza okwavumela uphethiloli ukuba uzithungele ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho uhlangana nomoya. Lokhu kuqanjwa kwakumela ushintsho olukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezinjini zangaleso sikhathi futhi kwanikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu zesikhathi esizayo.

diesel wazalelwa eParis ngo-1858, ongowesibili ezinganeni ezintathu zika-Elise Strobel noTheodor Diesel, abokufika baseBavaria ababezinze edolobheni. Ngo-1870, ngenxa yokugqashuka kweMpi YaseFranco-Prussia, umkhaya waphoqeleka ukuba uhambe eFrance, futhi uRudolf wathunyelwa e-Augsburg. Kamuva, wabuyela eParis njengommeleli wenkampani yomshini weziqandisi zomeluleki wakhe.

Phakathi kuka-1893 no-1897, i-Diesel wasebenza ezinkundleni zokuxhumana zenkampani iMAN AG, eyingxenye yeqembu lebhizinisi laseJalimane i-Krupp. Lapho wayezokwenza injini yokuqala emhlabeni ekwazi ukushisa uwoyela wemifino (ikakhulukazi amafutha esundu, noma ngamafutha amakinati, futhi kamuva aguqulelwe kuwoyela we-diesel wemvelaphi ye-petroleum) ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza. Le njini yethulwa embukisweni wezizwe ngezizwe eParis futhi kamuva yabhapathizwa ngesibongo somsunguli wayo.

Iminyaka eminingana, u-Diesel wayenjalo into yokuhlaselwa nokugxekwa. Wasolwa ngokuthi akazange ngempela asungule injini entsha, futhi ukusungula kwakhe injini kadizili kwachithwa njengokukhwabanisa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi injini kadizili yayisekelwe emibonweni eyasungulwa uHerbert Akroyd Stuart.

U-Nikolaus August Otto

U-Nikolaus August Otto, wazalelwa eCologne (eJalimane) ngo-June 10, 1832. Njengoba kungenzeka uyazi, futhi njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, wayengunjiniyela odumile waseJalimane owaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngokusungulwa kwakhe ngo-1876 wenjini yokuqala kaphethiloli enemivimbo emine ene-compressed charge, eyabeka isisekelo sezisekelo zazo zonke izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi kamuva.

Ngo-1864, kanye no-Eugen Langen, wasungula i- imboni yokuqala yenjini emhlabeni, ebizwa ngokuthi "NA Otto & Cie". Ngaphezu kwalokhu, indodana yakhe, uGustav Otto, kanye noKarl Rapp, bazothola iBMW ngo-1917.

U-Otto waya e-Italy, lapho aba nesithakazelo emshinini wegesi kanjiniyela waseBelgium nomsunguli u-Etienne Lenoir. Naphezu kokungabi nesizinda esiqinile sobuchwepheshe, u-Otto wakha umshini wakhe wokuqala ngo-1867 futhi wenza izifundo ezivelele ngenjini yegesi futhi ngo-1872 wasebenzisa ukwakhiwa kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi enemivimbo emine, ngaleyo ndlela wakha umshini wamandla ongaguquki. kungaba yisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwenjini ye-Otto. Le njini yaduma emhlabeni wonke njengomthombo wamandla wezimoto, izitimela, imikhumbi nezindiza, futhi yabeka isisekelo sokusungulwa kwenjini kadizili.

Empeleni se venden izigidi zezinjini zikaphethiloli ngombono wakho...

UGiorgetto Giugiaro

UGiorgetto Giugiaro, owazalwa ngo-August 7, 1938 e-Garessio, e-Italy, ungumklami wezimoto owaziwayo wase-Italy, ohlonishwa ngethalente lakhe ekwakheni izimoto ezidume kakhulu futhi zidayiswe emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uyena owadala imoto yokuqala yemisebenzi eminingi, iLancia Megagamma. Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu uzoklonyeliswa nge-Car Designer of the Century ngo-1999.

Izifundo zakhe ukuklama owaziwa nangokuthi uBertone, Ghia kanye ne-Italdesign Giugiaro. Kuzo udale inqwaba yamamodeli adume kakhulu aphume etafuleni lakhe lokuklama, njenge:

• U-Alfa Romeo Giulia GT
• I-IVECO 491
• I-Alfa Romeo 156
• I-Lamborghini Marco Polo
• Lamborghini Cala
• I-Audi 50
• I-Audi 80
• ILancia Delta
• i-lancia prism
• Itimu yeLancia
• I-Lexus GS
• BMW M1
• I-Lotus Esprit Concept
• maserati bora
• I-Maserati Ghibli
• IMaserati Quattroporte
• I-Bugatti Chiron
• D.M.C. DeLorean
• I-Renault 19
• I-Renault 21
• I-Saab 9000
• ISIHLALO Ibiza III
• ISIHLALO Malaga
• ISIHLALO Toledo II
• ISIHLALO Ibiza III
• ISIHLALO Toledo III
• ISIHLALO uLeon II
• ISIHLALO Cordoba II
• i-ssangyong korando
• Fiat 124
• I-Fiat Punto
• I-Fiat Panda
• I-Fiat Grande Punto
• iToyota volta
• I-Volkswagen Passat
• Volkswagen Golf
• I-Ford Mustang 2006
• Iponi lakwaHyundai
• IHyundai Sonata
• isuzu piazza
• Futhi eside kakhulu njll.

U-Alfred Horner Munro

Indaba ka-automatic transmission isitshela ngethuba eliphuthiwe le U-Alfred Horner Munro, waseCanada. Yasungulwa ngo-1921, wanikwa ilungelo lobunikazi lomklamo wakhe ngo-1923 futhi wathola amalungelo obunikazi ase-UK nase-US ngo-1924 no-1927, ngokulandelana. Umklamo wokuqala ka-Munro wasebenzisa umoya ocindezelwe esikhundleni soketshezi olusebenzisa amanzi, njengoba lusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zesimanje. Nokho, akakwazanga ukuthola isicelo sezentengiselwano sokusungula kwakhe.

Ngo-1932, onjiniyela baseBrazil UJosé Braz Araripe noFernando Lely Lemos yakha inguqulo ngoketshezi olusebenza nge-hydraulic. Bathengisa umklamo wabo kwaGeneral Motors ngo-1940, futhi ukushayela kwashintshwa unomphela. Ngenxa yalobu buchwepheshe buvimbela abashayeli ukuthi bashintshe igiya ngesandla ngesikhathi imoto ihamba. Ngaphezu kokuba inzuzo kubantu abakhubazekile, kwenza kube lula ukushayela ngezandla ezimbili njalo.

Enzo Ferrari

Enzo Ferrari wazalwa ngo-February 18, 1898 e-Modena, e-Italy. Wayengusomabhizinisi odumile wase-Italy kanye nomklami wezimoto, owaziwa kakhulu ngokuba umsunguli wophawu lwezimoto zezemidlalo zeFerrari. U-Enzo Ferrari waqala umsebenzi wakhe we-motorsport njengomshayeli wemijaho ngeminyaka yawo-1910, eqhudelana emicimbini yasendaweni neyesifunda. Kodwa-ke, ithalenta lakhe langempela bekubunjiniyela bezimoto kanye nokuklama. Ngawo-1920, wajoyina iqembu le-Alfa Romeo njengomshayeli futhi kamuva wathatha isikhundla sokuba ngumphathi weqembu lomjaho i-Alfa Romeo.

Ngo-1939, wasungula inkampani yakhe, Ferrari, ngenhloso yakha izimoto zezemidlalo ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Nokho, phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ukukhiqizwa kwamiswa futhi iFerrari yagxila ekwakhiweni kabusha kwemboni yayo ngemva kwengxabano. Ukuthatheka kwakhe ngesivinini nokusebenza kwamholela ekutheni aklame futhi akhiqize izinjini ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezaba yizimpawu zezimoto zakwaFerrari. Lezi zinjini ziwine imijaho eminingi futhi zaba wuphawu lwamandla nokusebenza kahle kwezobuchwepheshe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Enzo Ferrari wayekhona iphayona ekwamukelweni kobuchwepheshe obuphambili embonini yezimoto, njenge-aerodynamics kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingasindi ekwakhiweni kwezimoto. Ubephinde abe ngumsekeli weqembu lomjaho iFerrari futhi wabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekuphumeleleni kweqembu le-Ferrari Formula 1, eselibe elinye lamaqembu aphumelele futhi adume kakhulu emlandweni we-motorsport.

eugene houdry

Ukukhula kokukhathazeka ngemvelo ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1970 kwaholela i-Environmental Protection Agency ukuba isungule imithetho eqinile mayelana nokukhipha umoya ongcolile ngo-1975. Umqondo wesiguquli esinamandla wavela kunjiniyela waseFrance. eugene houdry, owayekhathazeke ngokungcoliswa kwentuthu nomoya eLos Angeles.

Kungaphikiswana ngokuthi, mayelana nenzuzo esintwini, qeda i-catalytic converter Iwukusungulwa kwezimoto okubaluleke kakhulu okwake kwathuthukiswa. Iguqula ubuthi nokunye ukungcola kube amafomu ayingozi kancane, ithuthukisa ikhwalithi yomoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibonga isithulisi esasinegunya lobunikazi ngo-1962, senza izimoto zithule. Nokho, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi idivayisi yokuqala yalolu hlobo ngeke ukukhiqizwa kuze 1973.

JE Francis

Naphezu kokwaziwa okuncane, uFrancis uzosungula enye yezinto ezisunguliwe ezisindise izimpilo eziningi: amabhuleki avimbela ukukhiya, okungukuthi, i-ABS. Lolu hlelo luhlehlela emuva ku-1908, lapho JE Francis uthuthukise uhlelo lwezitimela. Lo mqondo wethulwa embonini ye-aerospace ngawo-1950 ngaphambi kokusabalala ezimotweni ngawo-1970 kanye nezithuthuthu ngawo-1990.

Kodwa-ke, uhlelo lokuqala lwe-anti-lock braking olunelungelo lobunikazi lwasungulwa ngo-1928 ngabakwa- Unjiniyela waseJalimane uKarl Wessel, kodwa umkhiqizo osebenzayo awuzange wenzeke. Ngo-1971, u-Chrysler wethula i-"Four-Wheel Sure Brake," uhlelo lokuqala lwe-anti-skid braking olusetshenziswa ngekhompyutha oluzonikezwa emotweni yaseMelika. Kwakuyimishini evamile ku-'71 Imperial.

Walter Linderer

phakathi kweMelika uJohn Hetrick (ngokuvamile eyaziwa njengomqambi) kanye nesiJalimane Walter Linderer Ngo-1951, baphikisana nenye yamalungelo obunikazi nayo esindise izimpilo eziningi uma kwenzeka ingozi enomthelela onamandla, futhi leyo yi-airbag edumile. Amasistimu abo asebenzisa umoya ocindezelweyo owavulwa ngokuthinta intwasahlobo, ukuqhuma okukhulu, noma umshayeli ngesandla.

Ubuchwepheshe bamukelwa kabanzi ngawo-1960, ngenxa ye ukuthuthukiswa kwenzwa yokushaqeka. Abakhiqizi bezimoto abaningana babafaka kumamodeli abo neminyaka yawo-1970, kodwa ama-airbag awazange abe yimishini evamile kwaze kwaba ngawo-1990.

Kodwa-ke, akuyona into eqanjiwe ngaphandle kwezihibe, i amandla okuqhuma kwe-airbag uma isetshenziswa ingabangela imihuzuko kanye nokusha kwamandla akhishiwe, ukukhishwa kwe-retina, ukuminyanisa ngisho nokufa, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni. Naphezu kwalokhu, iyisici esibalulekile sokuphepha ezimotweni zanamuhla.

Nils Bohlin

Unjiniyela weVolvo Nils Bohlin, uthathe ibhande lesihlalo walifaka endaweni ephephile ngokwenza ibhande elinamaphuzu angu-3, ​​eliklanyelwe ukuqeda amandla okunciphisa izinga ngesikhathi kushayisana isifuba somgibeli, ukhalo, namahlombe. Ibhande le-Bohlin lethulwa ngabakwaVolvo ngo-1959 futhi laqala ukuvela kuVolvo PV 544. AbakwaVolvo babe sebevula ilungelo lobunikazi ngenhloso yokuphepha komphakathi jikelele. Izimpilo zabantu abaningi zikweletwa yena...

UFerdinand Porsche

UFerdinand Porsche wayengunjiniyela wezimoto wase-Austrian-Germany nomklami owazalwa ngo-September 3, 1875 e-Maffersdorf, e-Austria-Hungary (manje eyiLiberec, eCzech Republic). Waziwa kabanzi ngokuba ngumsunguli wenkampani yezimoto yakwaPorsche kanye nomsebenzi wakhe oncomekayo emkhakheni wobunjiniyela bezimoto. Ngaphandle kokusungula iPorsche AG, uphinde wasebenza nokuklama izimoto kwaMercedes, waphinde wasungula i-Auto Union, eyandulela i-Audi yanamuhla.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uyakweleta ukuvuma njenge-wheel hub motor, injini emaphakathi yezimoto zomjaho, i-drive wheel skid preventer, i-gearbox timing system, i-torsion bar, namanye amalungelo obunikazi ezinjini zikagesi nezivuthayo zezimoto ezahlukene.

U-Edgar A Walz Jr.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokukamagazini i-Popular Mechanics ka-December 1985, i-Protex Safety Signal Co. yethula amasignali ajika akhanyayo ngo-1920. Isiginali yokuqala yesimanje yokujika yakhiwe ngu-Edgar A. Walz Jr., okwathi ngo-1925 wathola ilungelo lobunikazi lenye futhi wazama ukuyimaketha kubakhiqizi abakhulu bezimoto. Nokho, abazange babonise isithakazelo futhi ilungelo lobunikazi laphelelwa yisikhathi ngemva kweminyaka engu-14.

Nokho, i isibani sokuqala sikagesi I-Flashing yayinelungelo lobunikazi ngo-1938 futhi yanikezwa ezimotweni ze-Buick. Okunye okusunguliwe ngaphandle kwalokho bekungeke kube yinto engacabangeki manje ukuthi isakazwe ngokuphepha.

Alfred Buchi

Alfred Buchi Wazalwa ngoJulayi 11, 1879, eWinterthur, eSwitzerland, futhi wakhulela lapho naseLudwigshafen, uBüchi wayeyindodana kaJohann Büchi, isikhulu esiphambili enkampanini yobunjiniyela baseSwitzerland iSulzer. Elandela ezinyathelweni zikayise, u-Alfred waqala umsebenzi ofanayo futhi wazuza udumo ngezinto azisungulile. Ngo-1899, waqala izifundo zakhe zobunjiniyela e-Federal Polytechnic School Zurich (ETH) e-Zurich, waphothula ngo-1903. Wabe eseqhubeka nezifundo zakhe zobunjiniyela eBelgium nase-England ngaphambi kokubuyela eSwitzerland, ikakhulukazi e-Wetzikon, ngo-1908.

Phakathi neminyaka yakhe yokuqala ngaphandle kweSwitzerland, uBüchi wagxila ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kwenjini evuthayo nokuxazulula inkinga yokulahlekelwa ukushisa ohlelweni lokukhipha umoya. NgoNovemba 16, 1905, wathola inombolo yobunikazi engu-204630 eHhovisi Lobunikazi Nezimpawu Zokuhweba laseJalimane. Le patent ichaze "i-supercharger enkulu" njengesixazululo sokuthwebula ukushisa, kusetshenziswa "i-axial compressor, injini ye-radial piston, ne-axial turbine ku-shaft evamile." Nakuba lo mbono wawulula, izinto nezinto zokubasa ezidingekayo ukuze usebenze kahle kwakungakatholakali. Nokho, kucatshangelwa ukusungulwa kwakhe ngo-1905 ukusa kwenkathi ye-turbocharger, nakuba ingqophamlando yayo eyaziwa kakhulu yilungelo lobunikazi lakamuva kusukela ngo-1925 elichaza "ukusebenza kwe-pulse for low-pressure supercharging". Izimiso ezasungulwa ngu-Büchi ngo-1905 ze-turbocharger zihlala zingashintshile kuze kube manje. Le divayisi ithuthukisa amandla nokusebenza kahle ngokwethula umoya owengeziwe kumasilinda, isebenzisa ukushisa okuvela kusistimu yokukhipha umoya ukushayela i-turbine.

Henry Ford

Henry Ford (Julayi 30, 1863, Michigan - USA) wayengusomabhizinisi waseMelika kanye nombono, owaziwa njengomsunguli weFord Motor Company, kanye nokuba yiphayona kanye nokunikela eminye imibono eminingi embonini yezimoto.

Uhlonishwa ngokudala iFordism, uhlelo olwaduma kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 futhi lusekelwe kuhlelo. ukukhiqiza izimoto ngezindleko eziphansi ngokukhiqiza ngobuningi. Le ndlela yayihilela ukusetshenziswa kwemishini ekhethekile nenani elikhulu labasebenzi abahola kakhulu.

Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezinye izinganekwane zaseSpain, ungakwazi funda lesi esinye isihloko...