Izinjini zezimoto zikaphethroli bezilokhu zingaphethiloli amasistimu womjovo. Kuze kube cishe ngawo-90, izimoto eziningi ezivamile zazisetshenziswa ama-carburadores. Kusukela ngalolo suku, imithetho yokulwa nokungcola yaqiniswa futhi ngesikhathi esifushane uhlelo lwamafutha e-carburetor lwaphelelwa yisikhathi. Athathelwa indawo ama-injection.
Kodwa-ke, sisengathola izimoto ezinama-carburettor, hhayi kuphela ngaphakathi izimoto endala. I izithuthuthu baye baqhubeka nokusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-carburettor iminyaka embalwa kakhulu kunezimoto zabagibeli. Kulula ukuthola izithuthuthu ze-carburetted zakamuva, ngisho nangaphezulu izikole ukufuduka okuncane kanye nama-mopeds. Kulesi sihloko sizobuyekeza izimiso eziyisisekelo zokusebenza kwe-carburetor, izingxenye zayo nezinhlelo eziyisisekelo, kanye nokungabaza okuvamile.
I-lambda factor, ukhiye ekushiseni
Kodwa ngaphambi kwalokho, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi injini kaphethiloli ingxube ekahle yamafutha omoya Izingxenye zomoya eziyi-14,7 engxenyeni ngayinye kaphethiloli, okungukuthi, isilinganiso esingu-14,7:1. Lobo budlelwano baziwa ngokuthi i-lambda factor kanye nengxube ye-stoichiometric. Uma lesi silinganiso senzeka, sikhuluma nge-lambda = 1. Uma sinezingxenye zomoya ezingaphansi kuka-14,7 kuphethiloli ngamunye, sine ingxube ecebile (i-lambda <1). Ngokuphambene, uma sinomoya omningi kunalowo 14,7, sine-a ingxube ethambile (i-lambda > 1).
Kungani kufanele kube njalo? Ngokuyisisekelo, ingxenye yengxube ekhipha ukusebenza okuningi kuphethiloli futhi ishisa kangcono kumasilinda, izuze ukuvutha okufana kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ukushisa kuphumelela kakhulu, igesi engcolisayo ekhishwa ngomshini wokukhipha umoya iyancipha.
Iyini i-carburetor?
Futhi ngokugxila enjongweni yalesi sihloko, kufanele sicacise ukuthi iyini i-carburetor. I-carburetor iyithuluzi elibhekele hlinzeka injini ngengxube nenani lomoya kanye nophethiloli odingekayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngokuya ngezidingo zomshayeli one-throttle kanye nesimo, konke kuzohluka.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-carburetor, kodwa isimiso sokusebenza siyefana. Ngokuyisisekelo, isistimu yokuhlinzeka yenjini ye-carbureted petroli yenziwe ngesihlungi somoya, i-multiple intake, i-carburetor (nazo zonke izingxenye zayo nama-circuits angaphakathi) nama-valve okungenisa axhumana nengaphakathi lamasilinda. Ezinhlelweni ze-carburation kuningi "okudlalwayo" ngezimiso eziyisisekelo ze-physics kanye ne-fluid dynamics.
Izingxenye ze-carburetor
Kukhona ama-carburettor alula futhi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kukhona lezo ezinemisebenzi “ezenzakalelayo” nezinye ezisho ukuthi umshayeli wenza okuthile ngesandla; Ngokwesibonelo, yena ukuziqalela, esetshenziselwa ukuqala okubandayo.
Yonke i-carburetor ine izifunda ezihlukahlukene kanye namapayipi angaphakathi, okuzohambisa uphethiloli futhi uwuthumele emakamelweni avuthayo. Kunezikulufu zokwenza izinguquko ezihlukahlukene, okungenani uvemvane olulodwa kanye nethangi eligcwele uphethiloli lapho kukhona ukuntanta (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-buoy) ukuze igcinwe isezingeni elingashintshi kusetshenziswa ivalve yenaliti.
Kulokhu kumele kwengezwe i Iphampu yamafutha esingakuthola ekuncipheni komgudu omkhulu. I-diffuser itholakala ekugcineni kwe-dispenser ukuze uphethiloli uphume kahle, owaziwa nangokuthi ijethi noma iphimbo elilinganisiwe. Yiqiniso, endaweni yokugcina izimpahla kukhona a iphampu yamafutha kagesi, kodwa umsebenzi wayo ukumane uthwale uphethiloli usuka ethangini uwuyise endaweni yenjini.
Isebenza kanjani i-carburettor kanye nomphumela we-Venturi
I-carburetor isebenza ngokuyinhloko nge "umphumela we-venturi”. Umphumela we-Venturi uwukuthi uketshezi olusemseleni ovaliwe luzungeza ngesivinini esithile, kodwa uma lowo msele unomngcingo, ngaleso sikhathi uketshezi luyakhuphula isivinini futhi lukhiqize ukudonsa. Kangangoba kungase kube ne-negative pressure (absorption), ngakho-ke uma kulokho kuncipha ixhuma nomunye umsele, kungamuncwa olunye uketshezi.
Ukusakazwa komoya kuvela kusihlungi somoya senjini futhi kungena ku-carburetor ngomgudu wokudonsa. Qala udlule ku-a uvemvane okuyinto ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile kufanele ivuleke futhi ibizwa ngokuthi ukuminyanisa. Loluvemvane lokuqala kufanele luvalwe kuphela noma luvalwe kancane isiqalo esibandayo, ngoba kulesi simo ingxube ecebile kakhulu iyadingeka futhi ifinyelelwa ngokunciphisa ukugeleza komoya ku-carburettor intake.
Ngaphezu kwalokho ihlangana ne-Venturi constriction, indawo lapho uphethiloli udonswa khona Cuba ngokusebenzisa ipayipi elithile. Ijubane lomoya futhi, ngakho-ke, ukucindezeleka, kuzoxhomeka esikhundleni se-throttle ephansi, elawulwa kusukela ku-throttle.
Lapho umshayeli ecindezela kakhulu ku-accelerator, lolo uvemvane luvulekile kakhulu, ngakho-ke isivinini somoya ku-carburetor siphezulu futhi sikhiqiza ukumuncwa okwengeziwe kwephethiloli; ekugcineni efika exutshwe nomoya kumasilinda. Uma umshayeli ecindezela i-accelerator kancane, uvemvane luvuleka kancane futhi isivinini somoya siphansi, ngakho kuba nokucindezeleka okuncane futhi kuncishiswe uphethiloli.
Konke okungenhla kuyinkolelo kanye umgomo oyisisekelo wokusebenza. Ngale ndlela injini ingasebenza ngendlela efanele, kodwa izoba namaphutha amaningi. Isibonelo, bekungeke kusebenze kahle ngokuphelele ekulayisheni okuphansi kakhulu (i-accelerator pedal icindezelwe kancane noma ingenzi lutho) noma emthwalweni ophakeme kakhulu (i-accelerator icindezelwe kakhulu).
Ukwehluleka kungase futhi kwenzeke ezimeni ezikhohlisayo, njengalapho udlula lapho ufuna izinguquko ezisheshayo zokuvuselela kabusha. Uma sizungeza nge-pedal ye-accelerator icindezelwe ku-30% futhi kungazelelwe sisheshisa ukuya ku-100% ukuze sidlule, ukuguqulwa komthwalo osheshayo kukhulu kakhulu.
Kungakho ama-carburetors anezinye izinhlelo zangaphakathi namasekethe, njenge isifunda low ephakela amasilinda ngesikulufu sokungenzi lutho, esivumela injini ukuthi ihlale ivuliwe kanye nesivinini esincane esizinzile. Ingalawulwa kalula ngumsebenzisi ngalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi I-CO screw noma isikulufu esingenzi lutho. Yiqiniso, ngaphambi kokwenza lokhu kulungiswa kufanele kucace ukuthi Isistimu yokuthungela ilungiswe ngokuphelele.
Kukhona futhi a isifunda esiphakathi imithwalo ingxenye, kanye a isifunda esiphezulu ngamajethi ahlukene kuye ngomthwalo, kodwa njalo ngemithwalo engaphezu kuka-50 noma 60%. Endabeni evamile ukusheshisa echazwe ngaphambilini lapho idlula, sinesinxephezelo esikhulula "indiza" kaphethiloli ukuze sinxephezele ukuguqulwa okungazelelwe ngenxa yokuvulwa kovemvane futhi igweme ukuhlupheka okungazelelwe kwengxube. Eqinisweni, lolu hlelo lubizwa ngokuthi iphampu yokusheshisa. Ngaphandle kwayo, ngaleso sikhathi injini yayiyominza ingxube enciphile kakhulu.
Izinhlobo zama-carburettor
Kuwo wonke umlando wezimoto kube nama-carburettor amaningi. Njengakho konke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bebelokhu bethuthukisa futhi bepholisha imininingwane ukuze bathuthukise ukusebenza kwama-propellants kanye nokusebenza kahle kwawo. Eqinisweni, amanye ama-carburettor aye abonakala ephethe isilawuli esincane se-elekthronikhi, nakuba maduzane ashintshwa yizinhlelo zokujova.
Kuye ngokubekwa kwayo singakhumbula ama-carburettor aqondile, ahlanekezelwe aqondile futhi avundlile. Okusetshenziswe kakhulu kube yi-carburetor ehlanekezelwe, njengoba i-air current ivela phezulu kwe-carburetor futhi idonsa kalula uphethiloli ibheke kumasilinda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivumela ingxube engcono yamafutha nomoya.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi kuye ngohlobo lwenjini okufanele lusetshenziswe, ukusebenza, inani lamasilinda kanye nokufuduka ngokwawo, siyazi i-carburetor. i-monobody, i-twin carb, i-single twin carb, i-twin twin carb noma ezinye izinhlanganisela, nakuba lezi zaziwa kakhulu futhi ezisetshenziswa emotweni.
Ingabe akhona ama-carburetors kadizili?
Izinjini ze-diesel azisebenzisi futhi azizange zisebenzise ama-carburetors. Omakhenikha bakadizili abadala babesebenzisa iphampu yomjovo, njengoba uphethiloli udinga ngempela ukujovwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi enjinini; Yingakho i-carburetors ayifanele izinjini ze-diesel. Ngaphambilini, izinhlelo ze umjovo ongaqondile nge-prechamber, kodwa amamodeli wamanje cishe iminyaka engu-15 aphendukela ku- umjovo oqondile. Ngokuqinisekile amagama azwakala ajwayelekile kuwe i-injector-pump kanye nojantshi ojwayelekile
Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe, sikutshela ngokuningiliziwe izici kanye nezinzuzo ze- umjovo ongaqondile noqondilekokubili udizili nophethiloli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungafunda kabanzi ngokujula konke okuhlobene ne amasistimu womjovo.