Nge ubuchwepheshe be-hydrogen Kuye kwavela izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinjini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi sinalo izimoto ze-hydrogen ezisebenzisa i-fuel cell ukukhiqiza amandla adingekayo ukuze ijikeleze kanti ngakolunye sinezinjini ezivuthayo ze-hydrogen. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi, kodwa ihluke kakhulu.
Kufanele wazi ukuthi ziyini lezi umehluko nokusebenza kulezi zici ezimbili ezihluke kakhulu, kodwa ezisebenzisa uphethiloli ofanayo ukuze zisebenze...
Izimoto ze-hydrogen fuel cell
I-Los izimoto zikaphethiloli, ezaziwa nangokuthi ama-FCV noma ama-FCEV, ziwuhlobo lwemoto kagesi esebenzisa i-fuel cell njengomthombo wamandla osetshenziswa ukushayela izinjini zayo noma ukugcina amandla ebhethrini ukuze iwasebenzise lapho kudingekile.
ama-fuel cell ukukhiqiza ugesi ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa umoya-mpilo ovela emoyeni kanye ne-hydrogen ecindezelweyo emathangini. Nokho, akhona amanye ama-fuel cell angasebenzisa ezinye izakhi ukuze akhiqize ugesi, kodwa lapha sithanda i-hydrogen kuphela.
Lezi zimoto zigxilisa ukungcola kokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen endaweni lapho i-hydrogen ikhiqizwa khona (noma ngesikhathi sokuthutha nokugcinwa kwe-hydrogen, engaphinda ikhiqize ukungcola okuvela emalolini nakwezinye izinjini ezihilelekile), uma kungeyona i-hydrogen. eluhlaza. Okusho ukuthi, lezi zimoto ngokwazo ungakhiphi noma yiluphi uhlobo lokungcola ngenkathi bezungeza.
Wonke ama-fuel cell akhiwe ngawo izingxenye ezintathu eziyisisekelo:
- I-Electrolyte: into equkethe ama-ion amahhala ekubunjweni kwayo, okuyenza iziphathe njengesikhondatha sikagesi.
- I-Anode: I-electrode noma itheminali yebhethri ekhiqiza ukusabela kwe-oxidation lapho ilahlekelwa khona ama-electron. Ngakho-ke, iziphatha njengesigxobo esihle.
- I-Cathode: I-electrode noma itheminali yebhethri ethola ukusabela kokunciphisa, okungukuthi, ukusabela lapho ithola khona ama-electron. Ngakho-ke, iziphatha njengesigxobo esibi.
Ngale ndlela, a i-hydrogen fuel cell Isebenza njengebhethri evamile, ikhiqiza amandla kagesi ukunika amandla injini noma ukuwagcina ebhethrini. Nokho, ngenkathi ibhethri idinga ukushajwa, i-fuel cell izonikwa amandla ngamafutha, kulokhu i-hydrogen.
izinselele ezinkulu
Enye ye izinselele ezinkulu Lolu hlobo lobuso bemoto yiqiniso lokudinga amathange okugcina aphephe kakhulu ukuze amelane nezingcindezi eziphezulu futhi avimbele ukuvuza uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi engase ibangele ukusabela okunodlame kakhulu. Yiqiniso, ingqalasizinda yokugcwalisa i-refueling nayo ayisakazeki, futhi kunzima ukuthola amaphuzu okugcwalisa i-hydrogen.
Kukho konke lokhu kufanele sengeze ukuthi imiklamo yokuqala yama-fuel cell yayine- isevisi yempilo zincishisiwe, nakuba kukhona inqubekelaphambili eseyenziwe mayelana nalokhu. Isibonelo, i-polymer electrolyte membrane, noma i-PEM, amaseli angaba namahora angu-7300 ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhamba ngebhayisikili.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-hydrogen fuel cell zibiza kakhulu ukukhiqiza, njengoba kusetshenziswa izinto ezibizayo, njengeplatinum, esebenza njenge-catalyst. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hydrogen nayo idinga ukukhiqizwa futhi igcinwe ngokuphepha, okwenza lobu buchwepheshe bubize kakhulu. Ngenhlanhla, amaseli amasha kaphethiloli e-hydrogen asebenzisa ama-nanoparticles ayathuthukiswa njengamanje, adinga iplatinamu encane kakhulu nezindleko eziphansi.
historia
Umqondo we-fuel cell kwakuyinto eyaboniswa okokuqala ngo-1801, ngu-Humphry Davy. Nokho, ukusungulwa kungenxa UWilliam Grove. Ngokuhlola kukaGrove kulokho akubiza ngokuthi "ibhethri yegesi ye-voltaic," babonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukukhiqiza amandla egesi ye-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo. Lokhu kwakungo-1842 wafakazela ukusabela kwe-electrochemical phakathi kwe-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo phezu kwe-platinum catalyst.
Kamuva unjiniyela Francis Thomas Bacon wathuthukisa umsebenzi kaGrove ngokwakha ama-alkaline fuel cell ahlukahlukene phakathi kuka-1939 no-1959. Imoto yokuqala eyasebenzisa lawa maseli kaphethiloli kwakuyigandaganda lasepulazini i-Allis-Chalmers elungisiwe yangaleso sikhathi, ekhiqiza amandla afinyelela ku-15 kW.
La impi ebandayo isikhala uhlanga futhi kwaba umfutho omkhulu ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe bama-fuel cell busetshenziswe emisebenzini yasemkhathini ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi. Lokhu kube impumelelo, beyisebenzisa kuma-capsules we-Apollo namamojula enyanga, phakathi kokunye.
Kodwa-ke, kwakungeke kuze kube ngu-1966, lapho i-General Motors yenza imoto yokuqala yomgwaqo esebenzisa i-fuel cell. kwaba odumile chevrolet van kagesi. Le moto yayine-PEM fuel cell futhi ikwazi ukuhamba amakhilomitha angu-193 ngesivinini esiphezulu esingu-113 km/h. Kwakuyindawo ehlala abantu ababili, njengoba yayingekho indawo eyengeziwe, ngoba uphethiloli owawudingekayo wawugcinwe emathangeni amabili amakhulu e-hydrogen ne-oxygen ayehlala ngemuva elolini. Kwakhiwa iveni eyodwa kuphela, futhi intengo yayo yayimbi kakhulu.
Ngawo-80, ama-fuel cell abuyiswa ukuze afakwe emkhathini, njengalawo afakwe ku-Space Shuttle. Kodwa ukuvalwa kohlelo lwe-Apollo kubangele ochwepheshe abaningi be-NASA fuel cell ukuya ezinkampanini ezizimele, lapho baqhubeka khona nentuthuko yabo ukuze bathele izithelo emashumini eminyaka akamuva.
imoto evuthayo ye-hydrogen
El imoto ye-hydrogen yangaphakathi yenjini evuthayo, ebuye ibizwe nge-HICEV ngesifinyezo sayo ngesiNgisi, iwuhlobo lwemoto ye-hydrogen okungafanele iphanjaniswe naleyo esebenzisa i-fuel cell. Kulokhu asisakhulumi ngemoto kagesi, kodwa sesikhuluma ngenjini evuthayo efana nophethiloli noma udizili.
Nakuba izimoto zamangqamuzana kaphethiloli zisebenzisa i-electrochemical reaction ukuze zikhiqize ugesi ukuze zinike amandla amamotho kagesi, izimoto ezivuthayo zisebenzisa umjikelezo ofana nowamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Eqinisweni, kuwukuguqulwa kwezinjini ezivamile zangaphakathi ezivuthayo.
Kuphela, kulesi simo, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa umoya ukuze unikeze umoya-mpilo kanye nophethiloli wokuvutha, i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo kusetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ukusabela kokuqhuma okuzohambisa ama-cylinder pistons. Umehluko wukuthi phakathi nalokhu kusabela, i-CO2, ama-hydrocarbon, noma ezinye izinhlayiya ezingcolisayo azikhiqizwa epayipini lokukhipha umoya, njengakumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Kulokhu, amanzi kuphela akhiqizwa, ngakho ukukhishwa okuvela kulezi zimoto kusondele ku-zero.
Futhi awawona uziro ngokuphelele ngesizathu, futhi lokho kungukuthi, ngenkathi i-hydrogen emathangeni kaphethiloli ihlanzekile, esimweni somoya, inokuthile okungaphezu kwe-oxygen, njengoba wazi kahle. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amanye alawa magesi akhona emoyeni angasabela nge-hydrogen kanye khipha i-nitrogen oxides noma i-NOx. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhishwa akunayo inkinga encane kakhulu kunaleyo yamanye amafutha.
Ukungcolisa ukungcola nezinye izinkinga
Ngenkathi lezi zimoto babe nenzuzo yokungakhawulwa yimijikelezo efana ne-fuel cellNgaphezu kwezinye izinzuzo ezinkulu, bayaqhubeka benenkinga efanayo yokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen nokugcinwa kwayo ama-fuel cell systems ayenayo. Kuyafaneleka ukugqamisa ukuthi yini ekhishwa yilezi zimoto.
Nokho, ukushiswa kwe-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo ikhiqiza umhwamuko wamanzi njengowodwa umkhiqizo, okungelinye lamagesi abamba ukushisa, nokho, lingabanjwa ukuze ligcinwe futhi lifakwe uketshezi njengamanzi lapho selipholile.
2H 2 + NOMA 2 → amahora ama-2 2 O
Kunalokho, njengoba sishilo, umoya unokuthile okungaphezu kwe-oxygen. Yilapho inkinga ivela khona, ngoba ngokuhlanganisa i-hydrogen ne-nitrogen, i-NOx edumile engikhulume ngayo ngenhla ingakhiqizwa. Yingakho zingeke zibizwe ngokuthi zingu-zero emissions. Okusho ukuthi, ifomula yokusabela kwamakhemikhali ingabukeka njengalena empeleni:
H 2 + NOMA 2 + N 2 →H 2 NOMA + CHA x
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi izinjini aziphelele, futhi amanye amafutha angangena ekamelweni elivuthayo njengoba kwenzeka nakuphethroli noma ezinjinini zikadizili. Kulokhu, amagesi e-exhaust nawo angaqukatha uwoyela noma imikhiqizo kawoyela ngenxa yokusha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ngishilo endimeni yokuqala yalesi sigaba, i i-hydrogen iveza enye inkinga, futhi iyisitoreji sakho esiphephile. Khumbula ukuthi i-hydrogen ivutha kalula uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinto zokubasa. Ngakho-ke, uma igesi ye-hydrogen ibaleka noma kwenzeka ingozi, lapho ihlangana nomoya, ukusabela kokuqhuma okunamandla kakhulu kuyokwenzeka.
Ukubuyiselwa kabusha kwezinjini ezikhona
I-Las umehluko yenjini ye-ICE evamile kanye nenjini kaphethiloli noma udizili igxile kakhulu ezicini ezifana nalezi:
- Amavalvu nezihlalo zamavalvu ziqinile.
- Izinduku zokuxhuma ezinamandla kunezinjini zendabuko.
- Ingxube yenjini kaphethiloli izoba nesilinganiso somoya/samafutha esingu-29% se-hydrogen no-71% somoya, amandla akhiqiza angaba ngu-15% ngaphezu kwezinjini zikaphethiloli, noma ngaphansi ngo-15%, kuye ngohlobo.
- Umoya kanye nophethiloli (i-hydrogen), kulolu hlobo lwezinjini akuxutshwanga ngaphambili, kodwa igumbi elivuthayo lizogcwala umoya kuphela bese i-hydrogen izojovwa kulo. Uma kungenjalo, ukuqhuma bekuzokwenzeka ngaphandle kwesilinda.
- Amapulaki ezinhlansi anamathiphu angewona aweplatinum.
- Ikhoyili yokushisa kagesi ephezulu.
- Ama-injection kaphethiloli okufanele aguqulelwe igesi esikhundleni soketshezi.
- I-crankshaft damper enkulu.
- I-gasket yekhanda eliqinile.
- Ukuphindaphinda okushintshiwe kokuthathayo kweshaja enkulu.
- I-Positive pressure supercharger.
- Amafutha enjini okushisa aphezulu.
Okungukuthi, ngokwenza lezi izinguquko enjinini evamile kaphethiloli Ingase ilungiswe kahle ukuze isebenze ku-hydrogen, okungenye inzuzo enhle kakhulu, ukwazi ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamanje obuthuthukiswe lolu hlobo lwenjini noma ukuguqula izinjini zakudala ukuze ikwazi ukusebenzisa uphethiloli ongawugcini kahle imvelo.
historia
Izinjini ze-Hydrogen ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zaqala ukuklanywa ngo-1806 ngu UFrancois Isaac de Rivaz. Eyokuqala yaziwa ngokuthi injini ye-De Rivaz, eyayisebenzisa ingxube ye-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo ukuze isebenze. Kamuva, ngo-1863, u-Étienne Lenoir naye wakhiqiza i-Hippomobile, enye imoto ye-hydrogen.
Ngo-1970 kwenzeka esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile, okungukuthi uPaul Dieges wagunyaza indlela guqula izinjini ezivuthayo zikaphethiloli zangaphakathi ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen. Usuku olufanayo kusukela iNyuvesi yaseTokyo yanikeza ukubaluleka kwalezi zinjini futhi yaqala ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlobene nalezi zinjini nokushayela izimoto zesikhathi esizayo, zombili izimoto, amaloli, izindiza, imikhumbi, njll.
Njengoba wazi kahle, Umkhiqizi waseJapan uMazda yakha injini yohlobo lwe-Wankel esebenzisa i-hydrogen njengophethiloli. Inzuzo yokusebenzisa le Wankel ICE ukuthi ukuguqulwa okudingwa yile njini kuncane kakhulu kunalokho okudingwa ngamanye ama-ICE. Abanye abakhiqizi baseJapan nabo bajoyine izimoto ze-hydrogen, ukubheja okukhulu, njengasendabeni yakwaToyota.
Phakathi kuka-2005 no-2007, eYurophu, kwaba nesinyathelo esibalulekile, lapho abakwaBMW behlola imoto yabo yokuqala kanokusho eyayisebenzisa i-hydrogen. Konke mayelana nemodeli I-BMW Hydrogen 7, engafinyelela ijubane eliphezulu lika-301 km/h, yayibanzi kakhulu kunemiqondo yangaphambilini, futhi inobubanzi obude. Kusukela lapha, ezinye izimboni zaseYurophu zaqala ukwenza okufanayo ngezimoto zazo zezimboni nezabantu.
Izinzuzo kanye nebubi izinjini hydrogen
Yiqiniso, ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen njengophethiloli kune ubuhle nobubi bayo Sizobonani lapha:
Izinzuzo
- Uma i-hydrogen iluhlaza, ingaba uphethiloli ohlanzekile kakhulu futhi ohambisana nemvelo, njengoba ukukhishwa kwegesi kungu-zero noma cishe akunakwa, futhi omunye wemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ngemva kokusabela i-H2O noma amanzi.
- Ziyizinjini ezinobuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle kakhulu. Eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-200 yokuthuthuka, le moto ikwazile ukufeza ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu nokwenza kahle, ngokusebenza kahle kwama-80%. Okusho ukuthi, i-80% ye-hydrogen isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukudonsa. Nakuba kusezinjinini zikaphethiloli, lokhu kusebenza kahle kungahluka phakathi kuka-20 no-40% ezimweni eziningi.
- Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ezokuthutha ezinzima njengemikhumbi, izitimela, njll.
nebubi
- Uma iyi-hydrogen empunga, iyangcolisa ekukhiqizeni kwayo. Ngeshwa, iphesenti eliphezulu le-hydrogen yamanje impunga, njengoba ingabizi kakhulu ukuyikhiqiza ngokushisa izibaso ezimbiwa phansi noma igesi. Nokho, kukhona futhi i-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ne-hydrogen eluhlaza, okuluhlaza okuyiyona ekhiqizwa ngaphandle kwesisi esikhishwa yiziro, njengoba isebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo ekukhiqizeni kwayo futhi kuyikusasa.
- Kuyigesi eyingozi ukuphatha. Kokubili ukugcinwa kwayo nokuthutha kwayo kuyingozi. Udinga amathangi angakwazi ukumelana nezingcindezi eziphezulu futhi akwazi ukumelana nezingozi, ngoba uma kungenjalo kuzovela ukusabela okunodlame kakhulu lapho uthintana nomoya ongaqeda izimpilo zabasebenzi.
- Ayikho ingqalasizinda enkulu yokugcwalisa i-hydrogen, futhi ayikho neyodwa yamapulagi kagesi. Ngalo mqondo, kufanele badlulele phambili ukuze babambe amagalaji akhona.