I-hydrogen, uphethiloli wesikhathi esizayo?

I-Los izimoto ze-hydrogen Behliselwe endaweni yesibili ngokugqama kwezimoto ezixubile, zegesi, nezagesi. Nokho, i-hydrogen ingase ibe uphethiloli wesikhathi esizayo, ibe nezinzuzo eziphakeme kakhulu kunezimoto zikagesi ngokwenhlonipho ngendawo ezungezile. Futhi ukuthi izimoto zikagesi azinakho ukukhishwa, kodwa amabhethri azo amelela inselele enkulu yemvelo ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwe-lithium kanye nokuphathwa kwayo kabusha nokulawulwa kwemfucuza. Kodwa-ke, i-hydrogen ihansi elizalela amaqanda egolide, konke kuyinzuzo...

Yini i-hydrogen?

El i-hydrogen Iyingxenye yekhemikhali yethebula le-periodic ebonakala ngokuba elula kunawo wonke, enenombolo ye-athomu engu-1. Igesi elula kakhulu, ingagcinwa, futhi ayikhiqizi igesi engcolisayo iyodwa. Ngalezi zici iyikhandidethi elifanele kakhulu elingasetshenziswa njengophethiloli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igcwele kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi ingakhiqizwa kalula ngezinqubo zamakhemikhali. Amandla avuselelekayo angasetshenziswa ngisho ukukhiqiza lolu hlobo lwegesi. Ngakho-ke, kungaba yindlela yokuthola amandla avuselelekayo.

izinhlobo ze-hydrogen

Kukhona i-nomenclature yombala ehlukanisa i-hydrogen ngokwendlela etholwe ngayo. Kubalulekile ukwazi i izinhlobo ezikhona ze-hydrogen, njengo:

• I-hydrogen empunga: Lolu hlobo lwe-hydrogen lutholakala ngokushintsha izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, njengegesi yemvelo. Iyi-hydrogen eshibhe kakhulu ukukhiqizwa okwamanje, kodwa i-CO2 ikhishelwa emkhathini ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa, ngakho akuyona indlela ehlanzekile yokuyithola. Ishibhe kakhulu futhi ikhiqizwa kakhulu namuhla.
• i-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Ngolunye uhlobo lwe-hydrogen etholakala kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, kodwa kulokhu ngamasu akwazi ukuthwebula nokugcina ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 okukhiqizwa phakathi nenqubo ukuze kungakhishelwa emkhathini, ngakho kunomthelela omncane kwezemvelo kune okumpunga. Yiqiniso, ukukhishwa ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwawo akuqediwe ngokuphelele, kodwa kuyancipha. Intengo yokukhiqiza yalolu hlobo lwe-hydrogen imaphakathi.
• I-hydrogen eluhlaza: Ungcono kakhulu kwabathathu, futhi kuzokhulunywa ngaye kakhulu. Le hydrogen evuselelekayo itholakala nge-electrolysis yamanzi, ngakho akukho ukungcola okukhiqizwa phakathi nenqubo. Ukwengeza, ukondla amasistimu we-electrolysis kwenziwa ngamandla avuselelekayo afana nomoya noma ilanga, ngakho-ke kunguphethiloli oqhubekayo futhi ohlanzekile ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje ikhiqizwa ngamanani amancane kunalawa amabili adlule futhi ibiza kakhulu.

Inselele iwukuba esikhundleni sawo wonke amanye ama-hydrogen ufake i-hydrogen eluhlaza, futhi ngale ndlela thola amafutha afanele.

Itholakala kanjani i-hydrogen?

I-hydrogen, njengoba sibonile esigabeni esandulele, ingakhiqizwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amandla ahilelekile ekukhiqizeni kwawo, manje ake sibheke izindlela le gesi engatholakala ngazo kuningi kakhulu:

• ukuguqulwa kwamangqamuzana: Le nqubo itholakala ochungechungeni lokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali ukuze kutholwe i-hydrogen. Phakathi kwezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwegesi yemvelo etholakala ezindaweni zikawoyela. Isitimu esinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu sisetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa ikhabhoni ku-hydrogen okwenziwa ngayo igesi yemvelo. Lena yindlela i-dihydrogen etholakala ngayo ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye ne-carbon dioxide ngakolunye.
• Ukufakwa kwegesi: kuyindlela efinyelela ukufakwa kwegesi ngomhwamuko wamanzi nomoya-mpilo ohlanzekile ovela emalahleni noma ku-biomass. Ku-reactor, amalahle noma i-biomass iyashiswa ngamazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kushiswa kukhipha amagesi phakathi kwawo okukhona i-carbon monoxide (CO) enobuthi kakhulu kanye ne-dihydrogen ngakolunye uhlangothi.
• i-electrolysis yamanzi: Kuyindlela engcono kakhulu kulezi zintathu mayelana nokusimama kanye nangokwenala, njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba yakhiwe ngamanzi. Ngakho-ke, yayingatholakala emanzini olwandle nezilwandle. Kulokhu, ithangi lamanzi lisetshenziswa lapho kufakwa khona ama-electrode. Ngokusebenzisa amandla kagesi aqhubekayo, ama-molecule amanzi (H2O) ahlukaniswa abe umoya-mpilo (O2) ne-hydrogen (H2). Lapho umthombo wamandla walo gesi ungamandla avuselelekayo, njengelanga noma umoya, le hydrogen kuthiwa iluhlaza.

Isebenza kanjani injini ye-hydrogen (i-fuel cell)?

Lapho sidinga guqula i-hydrogen ibe amandla, igesi ye-hydrogen ingagcinwa emathangeni athile ukusuka lapho ihanjiswa khona iye ku-fuel cell. Lapho iphinde ihlanganiswe futhi nomoya-mpilo osemoyeni (njengoba kwenzeka enjinini evuthayo yangaphakathi lapho umoya ungena kusilinda ukuze ubangele ukusha), okukhiqiza ukusabela okunamandla futhi ngaleyo ndlela kutholakale amandla. Ngale ndlela, awekho amagesi angcolisayo anoma yiluphi uhlobo azokhishelwa emkhathini, njengoba okuwukuphela kwemfucumfucu ekhiqizwa yilolu hlobo lwenjini amanzi. Ukuhlanganisa kabusha umoya-mpilo emoyeni nge-hydrogen kudala ama-molecule e-H2O kule nqubo. Amanzi angasetshenziselwa ezinye izinjongo, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza kabusha i-hydrogen ngokusebenzisa i-electrolysis.

Ngenxa yalokhu kusabela phakathi kwe-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo ku-fuel cell yakho, ugesi ukhiqizwa ukuhambisa motor kagesi bese ushayela imoto. Okusho ukuthi, izimoto ze-hydrogen empeleni zisebenza ngogesi, nakuba zingawatholi amandla azo ebhethri ye-lithium noma olunye uhlobo olungcolisa umoya, noma enjinini eyi-hybrid nayo ekhipha umoya. Nokho, ezinye izimoto zalolu hlobo zingaba nebhethri ukugcina amandla angasetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa ngesinye isikhathi. Isibonelo, lapho isidingo samandla siphezulu, wonke amandla avela ku-fuel cell ayasetshenziswa, kuyilapho uma ephansi, ingxenye ingaphambukiselwa kumamotho kagesi futhi ingxenye igcinwe ebhethrini.

Eziningi zalezi zimoto nazo zine i-regenerative brake, okungukuthi, ukuqongelela amandla kagesi ekubhulekini, ngaleyo ndlela kusize ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen futhi kuzuzwe ukuzimela okungcono. Futhi, njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, okuwukuphela kwemfucuza ekhiqizwa amanzi, ozowaxosha ngepayipi yakho yokukhipha umoya.

Ngokuqondene ne izingxenye zemoto ye-hydrogen fuel cell, sine:

• iyunithi yokulawula amandla: iwuhlelo olulawula kahle ukulethwa kwamandla ku-fuel cell, kanye nokushajwa kwamabhethri nokusetshenziswa kwala mandla kagesi.
• Imoto kagesi: Kungase kube khona eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kuvamise ukuba yinjini ehambisanayo kazibuthe ehlala njalo ezoguqula ugesi usuka kuphethiloli noma ibhethri ibe amandla okuhambisa imoto.
• i-fuel cell voltage converter: isistimu ekwazi ukulungisa ugesi okhiqizwa i-hydrogen fuel cell ukuze kutholwe amandla ogesi anele ezinjini.
• fuel cell group: Kuyinhliziyo yangempela yesistimu, ingxenye lapho amandla ekhemikhali aphuma ekuhlinzekweni kwe-hydrogen esuka emathangini nomoya-mpilo ovela emoyeni eguqulwa abe amandla kagesi.
• Ibhetri: ibhethri liphethe ukugcinwa kwamandla akhiqizwe i-fuel cell kanye nalawo abuye ekuncipheni, kanye nokuqinisa amandla e-fuel cell ngesikhathi sokusheshisa ezimeni zokufunwa okuphezulu.
• amathangi aphezulu: I-hydrogen kufanele igcinwe ngokuphepha emathangeni anomfutho ophezulu. Ukwengeza, kuzoba nama-valve okucindezela ngokweqile, isixwayiso uma kwenzeka kuvuza i-hydrogen kanye nesakhiwo esinezingqimba ezintathu: eyodwa eyenziwe nge-fiberglass-reinforced polymer, i-polymer ephakathi kanye neyesithathu eyenziwe nge-carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic. Konke ukumelana nezingcindezi eziphakeme kakhulu.

ukusebenza kwe-fuel cell

Sishilo ukuthi i iseli likaphethiloli, noma I-Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), inesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla kagesi ngokusabela phakathi kwe-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo ovela emoyeni osemkhathini. Nokho, ukuze kukhiqizwe lowo gesi, kusetshenziswa ukusabela kwe-electrochemical. Amaseli amafutha azosebenzisa i-anode kanye ne-cathode ohlangothini ngalunye lwe-electrolyte. Isibonelo, i-hydrogen inikezwa i-anode futhi i-catalyst isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-ion afakwe kahle ageleza nge-electrolyte aye ku-cathode. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ku-cathode, umoya udonselwa esimisweni bese uhlangana ne-catalyst, ama-ion e-hydrogen, nama-electron ukuze kukhiqizwe ukushisa namanzi njengemikhiqizo. Lokhu kudala ugesi wamanje, ophehlayo.

Zizwa ukushayela imoto ye-hydrogen

Empeleni, lapho ushayela imoto ye-hydrogen umuzwa ucishe ufane nowebhethri yemoto kagesi. Kodwa-ke, kukhona umehluko omncane, iningi lazo lizolungiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lapho ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, njengoba benzile nasezimotweni zikagesi, ezishintshe kakhulu kusukela kumamodeli okuqala okwethulwa kulezi zamanje, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi mncane kakhulu..

Inselele yonjiniyela bezimoto ukuthi ama-hydrogen fuel cell sebenza kangcono ngamandla angashintshi. Kodwa-ke, izimfuno zamandla zemoto evamile uma uyihambisa emigwaqeni ehlukene, njengedolobha noma umgwaqo omkhulu, zidinga izinguquko ekulethweni kwamandla. Okuthile onjiniyela abasebenza kukho ukuze balethe imiphumela engcono kakhulu.

Isibonelo, iToyota Mirai, ine Amandla alinganiselwe angama-90 kW (amahhashi angu-120).. Kodwa lokho akwanele ukusheshisa umgwaqo omkhulu, ngakho-ke iToyota (njengabanye abakhiqizi be-HFCV) yengeza ibhethri elinamandla aphansi, elinamandla kagesi, elifana nalawo asetshenziswa ezimotweni eziyingxube zikaphethiloli zikagesi, ukusiza ukufeza Lokho kusheshisa okwengeziwe namandla lapho. ngenkani. Futhi, lokhu akusho ukuthi izimoto ezinamandla kakhulu azikwazi ukwenziwa ngamaseli kaphethiloli, empeleni, i-Hyperion XP-1 supercar iyimoto ye-hydrogen engakwazi ukusheshisa isuka ku-0-100 km/h cishe imizuzwana engu-2.6, futhi ifinyelele isivinini esikhulu. 356 km/h.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kwe-hydrogen njengophethiloli

Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukugqamisa izinzuzo kanye nokubi okumele kusetshenziswe i-hydrogen njengophethiloli wezimoto:

Izinzuzo

Phakathi kwe izinzuzo Kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-hydrogen njengophethiloli sine:

• Ukukhishwa kweqanda: Izimoto ze-hydrogen zikhipha amanzi kuphela njengomkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, ufaka isandla emvelweni.
• Ukufaka amafutha ngokushesha: kuzothatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela ukufaka uphethiloli, njengoba uzophinde ugcwalise amathangi e-hydrogen njengoba ubungenza ngodizili noma ngophethiloli. Akukho okuhlanganisa nezikagesi, ezidinga ukuxhunywa isikhathi eside ukuze zishaje ibhethri yazo ngokugcwele. Ukwengeza, izindleko ezijwayelekile zemoto kagesi zingama-euro ayi-8.5 ngebanga elingu-100 km, okufana nalokho okusetshenziswa kumafutha afana nedizili noma uphethiloli. Kunalokho, i-hydrogen ingaba ishibhile.
• Ihlangabezana nezinhloso ze-EU: izinjongo ezibekwe yi-EU zokunciphisa ukungcola zingaphezu kokufinyelelwa yizimoto ze-hydrogen. Esiphakamisweni se-EU sika-2030 kuhloswe ngayo ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi angcolisayo ngo-35%, kanti imoto ye-hydrogen ikhipha u-0.
• Ukugcinwa okuncane: Lawa ma-motor kagesi adinga ukulungiswa okuncane, okulula futhi okushibhile, kanye nokuthembeka. Ngakho-ke, ngeke kudingeke ukuthi utshale imali eningi njengasemotweni yenjini evuthayo kulokhu.
• Thulile: Zithule njengezikagesi, ngakho ngeke zibe nengxenye ekungcoleni komsindo okukhona emadolobheni amaningi.
• Ukuzimela okukhulu: Izimoto ze-hydrogen zinokuzimela okukhulu, into ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngenkathi izimoto zikagesi zinikeza ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-300 ngokwesilinganiso, izimoto ze-hydrogen zingafinyelela okungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kwalokho. Bangakwazi ngisho nokuzuza ukuzimela okungaphezu kuka-2000 km esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
• I-Zero Emissions: ngesitikha se-DGT Zero Emissions ungakwazi ukupaka ngaphandle kokukhokha ngisho indibilishi emadolobheni, ukuze ube nezinzuzo ezifanayo njengezimoto zikagesi lapho ushayela ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.
• Ukumelana namazinga okushisa adlulele: Ngokungafani nezimoto zikagesi eziyi-100%, izimoto ze-hydrogen zingasebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu. Ngeke kubonakale ekusebenzeni kwemoto noma ekuzilawuleni kwayo, into eyenzeka ngezikagesi.

nebubi

Vele, izimoto ze-hydrogen nazo zinayo ububi bayo, njengakho konke. Okugqame kakhulu yilezi:

• Inani: Njengoba kungebona ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe obunjalo, izimoto ze-hydrogen zinenani eliphakeme kunezimoto ezivamile noma izimoto zikagesi. Ngakho-ke, kuyimininingwane okufanele icatshangelwe. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ungagcina kuphethiloli kanye naseshabhu, unikezwe ukuthi zithembeke kangakanani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi lezi zimoto zizovame ukwehla amanani njengoba isikhathi sihamba, njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokwakha ama-fuel cell kanye namathangi e-hydrogen buzovuthwa kakhulu, okumele kuphephe kakhulu ukumelana nokucindezela okukhulu nokugwema ukuvuza. ezingozini, ezingaholela ekuqhumeni.
• Amaphuzu ambalwa okufaka uphethiloli: Njengoba okwamanje kuwubuchwepheshe be-propulsion encane, njengoba kunjalo ngemoto kagesi, awekho amaphuzu amaningi okufaka uphethiloli. Lokhu kufanele kushintshe kancane kancane. E-Spain, isibonelo, amasayithi angabalwa eminwe yesandla esisodwa, njengoba kunamaphuzu angaba ngu-6 kuphela e-Seville, e-Albacete, e-Puertollano, e-Zaragoza, e-Huesca nase-Barbastro. Amanye amazwe, njengeGermany, asenezimoto eziningi zalolu hlobo, futhi anomgomo wokufinyelela ezindaweni zokuthela uphethiloli ezifika ku-500.
• Izinhlobonhlobo ezincane zamamodeli: Njengoba kungebona ubuchwepheshe obusabalele kangako, okwamanje kunemikhiqizo embalwa namamodeli ongakhetha kuwo, nakuba lokhu kuzophinde kushintshe njengoba isikhathi sihamba futhi abakhiqizi bawakhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kwamaphuzu okugcwalisa amafutha noma inethiwekhi ye-hydrogen akusizi ukukhuthaza ukuthengiswa kwalolu hlobo lwemoto. Kodwa-ke, usuvele unezimoto ezinkulu ze-hydrogen ezifana neToyota Mirai, Hyundai Nexo, Honda Fuel Cell Clarity, Hyperion XP-1, BMW iHydrogen NEXT, njll.
• ayihlangene: Uma kubhekwa inkimbinkimbi yamathangi e-hydrogen ne-fuel cell, lezi zimoto zivame ukuba nobukhulu obukhulu, ngakho-ke uma ufuna izinsiza ezinosayizi omncane, ungakhohlwa ngakho. Okungenani okwamanje, kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa izinga eliphakeme lokuhlangana. Ngisho nakwezinye izimo isiqu asivamile ukuba sibe banzi, ngoba ezinye izingxenye zemishini zidla ingxenye yesikhala sawo. Ngalo mqondo zifana nezikagesi.
• Kuyingozi: I-Hydrogen iyaguquguquka kakhulu futhi iyasha. Ngalesi sizathu, amathangi e-hydrogen kumele amelane kakhulu futhi aphephe, amelane nemithelela, agweme ukuvuza ngezinhlelo zokuphepha ezengeziwe, futhi amelane nezingcindezi eziphezulu. Konke ukugcina abashayeli nabanye abagibeli bephephile. Lokhu kuholela kwenye inkinga etholakalayo, okuwukuthi i-fuel cell kanye namathangi ngokuvamile anokuphila okusebenziseka okulinganiselwe, uma kubhekwa imithetho yokuphepha. Njengamanje, kulinganiselwa ukuthi umkhawulo wethangi le-hydrogen yiminyaka engu-15, ngaleso sikhathi kuyodingeka ukuthi lishintshwe elinye. Mayelana ne-fuel cell, abanye abakhiqizi balinganisela ukuthi ingehlisa amandla ayo ngo-15% ngemuva kokuyisebenzisa cishe u-225.000 km, nakuba kancane kancane ithuthuka kulokhu.