I-minivan: ukusuka ekuthukutheleni kuya ekukhohlweni

Kuleli qophelo kwifilimu ngifuna ukukholelwa ukuthi akekho ocabanga ukuthi i-Renault Espace yayiyiminivan yokuqala ukudayiswa; Ngethemba ukuthi akekho ocabanga ukuthi kwakuyi-Chrysler Voyager futhi. sonke siyakwazi lokho iveni yokuqala eyaziwayo yi-Alfa Romeo 40 - 60 HP Castagna Aerodinamica ka-1913 futhi, uma sikhuluma ngenqwaba yokuqala ekhiqizwe, i I-Fiat 600 Multipla ka-1956, okwakhiqizwa amayunithi angaba ngu-256.000, nakuba ingxenye enkulu yokuthengiswa kwayo igxile emakethe yase-Italy.

Mayelana ne- Isikhala seRenault, isizukulwane saso sokuqala safinyelela emakethe yaseYurophu ngo-1984 futhi amayunithi angu-191.694 akhiqizwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi yafinyelela ekudayiseni eminyakeni engu-28 kamuva kuneFiat nokuthi acishe abe ngu-75.000 amayunithi ambalwa akhiqizwa. Kodwa uma kukhona into okungekho muntu ongayiphuca iRenault Espace, kuwukufaneleka kokuba imoto eyethule ngempela umqondo wamaveni emakethe yaseYurophu kanye nokuba ngumsunguli we-boom cishe bonke abakhiqizi abajoyine futhi, okwenzekayo, cishe bonke abakhiqizi sebeyishiyile.

Umsuka weminivan yesimanje: Iphrojekthi ye-Kar-a-sutra

Kusukela ngo-1972, umklami nomdwebi wamapulani wase-Italy uMario Bellini, ngokubambisana noCassina, uCitroën kanye noPirelli, bethula umqondo omusha wemoto ngokwefomu. Kwakuyinto entsha kangangokuthi ngisho umuntu ophethe lo msebenzi wakuthatha njengento enzima ukuyichaza.

Le moto entsha yayinesitayela esicacile sesiNtaliyane, ngokwesiko siphikisana nesitayela samazwe ngamazwe esimisiwe, kodwa emigqeni yayo lokho ngaleso sikhathi okwakubizwa ngokuthi i-Controdesign, noma umklamo ogqamile, kwabhekwana nawo ngezingxenye ezilinganayo nokucabangela okusetshenziswa ekuklanyeni.

Esikhathini sezimoto lapho amandla nesivinini kuphela kwakubonakala kubalulekile ukulimaza ubuntu bobuhle, iphrojekthi ye-Kar-a-sutra ibona Ithonya elinengqondo le-architecture ye-Bauhaus isetshenziswa emotweni ngokobuntu bayo futhi, kungani ungakusho lokho, i-eccentricity ekutholeni indawo yokuhlala nokusebenza okuphezulu. Elinye ithonya elikhulu ku-Kar-a-sutra kwaba ukwakhiwa kwesimanje komklami omkhulu uCharles-Édouard Jeannet-Gris, uLe Corbusier wabangane, athatha kubo izici zakhe eziyinhloko zobuhle njengemiqondo yepulani evulekile, iwindi lobude noma mahhala. i-facade.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwale misinga emibili yezakhiwo enengqondo kakhulu eyenzeka eKar-a-sutra kulandela I-Dutch yamanje i-De Stijl noma i-Neoplasticism, izici zayo eziyinhloko kwakuyi:

• ukwenza lula okukhulu
• I-Rationalization
• Imigqa nama-engeli angakwesokudla
• Izimo eziyisicaba, eziqondile nezilula
• imibala ehlanzekile
• Izilinganiso ze-asymmetric
• Imibala egcwele futhi eyinhloko

Ngokombono wobuhle, kufanele singenzeleli futhi siqaphele ukuthi i-Kar-a-sutra kwakungewona umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngaleso sikhathi izimoto zase ziqala ukumakethwa njenge isesitayeleni njengeJaguar XJ Series I, ngakho "ngokunesibindi" njenge-Citroën GS noma kunjalo Isebenza njengeRenault 5. Nokho, ngokombono wokusebenza kwaba ukushaqeka kubakhiqizi bezimoto kanye a ukwenziwa kwezinto ngendlela imoto eklanywe ngayo eduze komuntu kanye nokuhamba kwakhe kufanele kube, okwamzuzisa ngo-1973 i-Bolaffi Arte Design Award e-MoMA, imnyuziyamu yobuciko besimanje eNew York.

Kungashiwo ukuthi konke uhlobo lwezimoto ezincane ezavela ngeminyaka yawo-80 nasekuqaleni kwawo-90 zazisekelwe kuphrojekthi ye-Kar-a-sutra, abenezela okuthile okubaluleke kakhulu futhi engenakho: injini. Akudingekile ukusho, igama elithi Kar-a-sutra lithathwe ku- kungenzeka ukuthi abagibeli bemoto bangasebenzisa "ubuciko" obungamashumi ayisithupha nane be-Kamasutra kalula nje… kodwa ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuqonda uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi iphrojekthi ye-Kar-a-sutra yayingenamafasitela. Mhlawumbe yingakho abakhiqizi bengazange basebenzise kakhulu lolu hlelo lokusebenza…

I-Kar-a-sutra yangempela "yokuqala": i-Renault Espace

Umqondo we-Kar-a-sutra waqala ukusetshenziswa eJapane ngokwakhiwa kwezimoto zomndeni lapho uphahla lwaphakanyiswa kancane ukuze kwandiswe indawo yangaphakathi eqondile futhi umphumela waba ukwehluleka. kuphela Ngo-1983 iMitsubishi Chariot, leyo thina bantu baseYurophu esasiyazi ngenxa yezithombe ezincane ze-Majorette, sikwazile ukuba nempumelelo encane.

E-United States nabo bawuqonda umqondo kancane ngendlela yabo futhi kuphela UFord waba nesibindi sokusebenzisa ithiyori yephrojekthi ye-Kar-a-sutra kuFord Carousel yango-1973., imoto yomqondo engazange ingene ekukhiqizeni ngenxa yokuthandwa kwe Abantu baseMelika babesondele kakhulu emigqeni yokubeka izihlalo (namakhethini) kumaveni amakhulu, okwadala izimoto ezifana ne I-Ford Club Wagon noma i dodge umthengisi, okuthi kumamodeli ayo ahlome kakhulu abe nesiphephetha-moya noma izihlalo ezibekwe ngesikhumba, kodwa amamodeli ayo “ayisisekelo” ayengengaphezu kweveni eligcwele imigwaqo yomgwaqo. Empeleni, i-American “kar-a-sutra” yokuqala kwakuyi-Dodge Caravan yango-1984.

EYurophu, ngokwesiko iphumelele kakhulu uma kuziwa ekuhlanganiseni ukuqonda kanye nothando ekwakhiweni kwemoto, i-Kar-a-sutra yokuqala yaba ngumphumela wephrojekthi entsha ngokuphelele, eklanywe kusukela ekuqaleni, futhi eyadala ukwakhiwa kwemoto. isizukulwane sokuqala seRenault Espace.

Umlando weRenault Espace

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-XNUMX, ngesikhathi iPeugeot ithatha inkampani ephethwe yiChrysler yaseYurophu, umkhiqizi waseFrance uMatra wacwiliswa kuphrojekthi yokushintsha iMatra Rancho, imoto enamakhono athile ezwe asekelwe ku inguqulo yokulanda ye-Simca 1100, Simca 1200 eSpain. Hhayi-ke, abahlebi bathi, ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuqinisekiswa okusemthethweni noma ukuphika, ngaleso sikhathi Onjiniyela bakwaSimca base bebazi ngephrojekthi ye-Dodge Caravan nokuthi banqume "ukuyikopisha" enkampanini yabo entsha engumzali: iPeugeot. Eqinisweni, ama-prototypes okuqala abizwa I-Matra P16, eyakhelwe phezu kwe I-Talbot 150 yesikhulumiBabonakala benomusa peugeot 305 enophahla oluphakeme, olunyathelayo njengalolu olungaphakathi I-Matra Ranch kanye nezibani zangaphambili ze peugeot 604, imodeli athathe kuyo futhi isihlalo esingemuva. Lesi sibonelo sasinobude bomzimba obuphelele obungamamitha angu-4.

Umqondo wemoto enobude obukhulu awuzange udumaze iPeugeot neMatra yethulwa ngesinye isibonelo esingamamitha angu-3 ubude kanye ne-wheelbase engu-84 metres ayibiza ngokuthi iMatra P2. kanye nalowo owaze waklama ithuba lokukhiqiza a inguqulo enomoya we-campero nokuvikelwa kwepulasitiki kuyo yonke indawo ye-bodywork ayibiza ngokuthi i-Matra P17 Grand Raid. Ngalokhu ngisho ukuthi, ngaphezu kokukhuluma ngegciwane lomqondo we-minivan, mhlawumbe kufanele sicabange ngalesi sibonelo lapho sikhuluma ngezimoto zezemidlalo, ezibizwa ngokuthi "SUVs".

Yize iPeugeot iwuthandile lo mbono, isimo sayo somnotho ngemuva kokuthengwa kweSimca neTalbot sawuqeda amandla lo msebenzi wase eyalela uMatra ukuthi awukhombise uCitroën, owaphendula ngesizotha wathi akadingi usizo lokuklama izimoto zakhe. Lapho ebuyela kwaPeugeot, umkhiqizi omncane wathola ukuthi uhlobo lwebhubesi lwase luqalile ukudilizwa kweSimca noTalbot, okwakuzoshiya iMatra ngaphandle kwesisekelo seRancho, okukhulunywe ngenhla. I-Simca 1100 Pickup.

Esigabeni sesibili soxhumana nabo asebevele bephelelwe yithemba, UMatra wayefuna ukukhombisa iphrojekthi kwaBMW, inkampani ayesesebenzisana nayo kakade ezinqubweni zokudweba ze BMW 7 E23 nasekukhiqizeni izinto eziyinhlanganisela. Nokho, isidingo sikaMatra sokuthola umuntu ozokhiqiza iphrojekthi yakhe sasho ukuthi, ngaphambi kokuyibonisa kwaBMW, wayibonisa I-Renault, eyayinesithakazelo esikhulu hhayi ngenxa yephrojekthi ngokwayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi iphrojekthi yayithuthuke kakhulu. Masingakhohlwa ukuthi, ngaleso sikhathi, umenzi we-rhombus wayenethuba lokukhuphuka phezu kwakhe I-Renault 18 Estate umugqa wesithathu wezihlalo ezibheke lapho uhamba khona.

Ngokungena kwe-Renault kuphrojekthi ye-Matra kube nezinguquko ezibalulekile. Okokuqala iphrojekthi yalungiswa ukuze inikeze i-Matra P18 futhi kamuva yashintshwa futhi, yasusa izici zobuhle zePeugeot, futhi kwafinyelelwa kanjalo-ke iMatra P23.. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukwamukelwa kwe- isisekelo somshini weRenault 18, enenjini ephambanayo kanye nokushayela ngamasondo angaphambili. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izakhi ezifana nezibambo zomnyango noma ama-optics kwakungowomsuka we-Simca-Talbot. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sibonelo sasingenayo iphansi lekhabethe eliyisicaba noma izihlalo ezilungisekayo.

Manje ngaphandle kwezinto ezikhumbula umsuka wayo wePeugeot, i-prototype yokugcina yeMatra P23 yaboniswa kwaRenault ngoDisemba 1983 futhi yayinokukhanya okuluhlaza. Ukuze benze inzuzo, kwakudingeka benze okungenani amayunithi angu-55.000 embonini yakwaMatra eRomoratin-Lanthenay, emnyangweni waseFrance waseLoir-et-Cher (Centre-Val de Loire). Futhi, njengophawu lokuthakazelelwa, IMatra ithenge u-49% wenhloko-dolobha yayo, ebisezandleni zakwaPeugeot, ukuyidayisela kwaRenault.. Yiqiniso, lokhu "intando enhle" kwakuhambisana nezimfuno ezimbili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, imoto entsha kwakufanele imakethwe njenge-Renault. Okwesibili, UMatra wayezomisa ukukhiqizwa kweMurena, i-compact coupe imakethe yaseFrance eyisibekele okufanayo I-Renault Fire.

Uvumile lokhu, futhi kakade esigabeni sokugcina sokuthuthukiswa, iphansi eliyisicaba lekhompathi yabagibeli kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezihlalo kwethulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amamodeli athathwayo kanye nezinhlobo zamaveni aklanywa angangena ngokushesha ekukhiqizeni uma kwenzeka iRenault Espace ihlulekile kwezohwebo.

Lapho kufika isikhathi sokuqala ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi, kwanqunywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe bonke ubuchwepheshe obutholakala ngaleso sikhathi ukunciphisa isisindo esiphelele sesethi. Eqinisweni, uhlaka lweMatra P23 lwakhiwe ngensimbi engasindi embozwe ngaphansi kwamakhilogremu angama-33 e-zinc engezwe ngesikhathi ukuphayona hot-dip galvanizing inqubo okwenze i-Matra yakwazi ukunikeza isiqinisekiso seminyaka eyishumi sokuqeda ukugqwala. Ngokwengxenye yayo, i umzimba wenziwe nge-fiberglass. Ukonga izindleko, sithathe i- isiteji seRenault 18 kanye ne-axle yangaphambili yeRenault Fuego.

Ngesikhathi bethulwa ngo-Ephreli 1984, banikela izinhlobo ezimbili, i-GTS ne-TSE, enenjini eyodwa eyayikhiphe iRenault 25; injini engu-1.995 cubic centimeter eyi-four cylinder ephakelwa i-carburetor namahhashi angu-110. Izinyanga kamuva kwakuzofika umakhenikha wedizili wama-cubic centimeter angu-2.068 namahhashi angu-88. Kunoma yiziphi izimo, ushintsho lwaluhlala lusebenza ngobudlelwano obuhlanu.

IRenault Espace yaba yimpumelelo phakathi kwabagxeki abangochwepheshe futhi yethula isiqubulo esithi "I-Renault: izimoto ezizohlala kuzo"

Iminivan isifikile

Ngokwethulwa kweRenault Espace, kwavulwa ingxenye entsha eYurophu: iveni elincane. Kulokhu, kwakukhona abagxeki abaningi bala "vans" kodwa hey, kunezinto ezimbalwa zaseYurophu kunokugxekwa okuvela ekungazini. Lapho othile ebona iRenault Espace ihamba ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angu-150 ngehora emgwaqeni omkhulu, wacabanga ukuthi mhlawumbe kwakungelona “iveni”.

I Renault Espace kwaba iminyaka njengommeleli we-MPV kuphela emakethe yaseYurophu. Kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-XNUMX lapho ezinye izinhlobo, ezihlala zihlangene, zaba nesibindi sokwethula amamodeli afanayo nalawo akhiqizwa i-Sevel e-France yemikhiqizo yeqembu le-Fiat ne-PSA noma lawo akhiqizwa yi-VAG e-Portugal ye-Seat, Ford kanye ne-VW.

Ukuhlola ezinye izingxenye

Esinye isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ekuziphendukeleni kwezentengiselwano komqondo we-minivan kwaba extrapolation kwezinye izingxenye zemakethe. Ngalo mqondo, iRenault isiphinde yaba wumkhiqizo ozame impumelelo enkulu ngokwethula i Renault twingo ngo-1993 futhi kusukela I-Renault Megane Scénic ngo-1995. Mayelana neyokuqala yazo, njengoba kwenzeka nge-prototypes ye-Matra, kufanelekile ukucacisa eminye imininingwane mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi.

Eminyakeni yamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, umkhiqizi wasePoland i-FSM wayesebenza ku- esikhundleni se-Fiat 126 endala kakhulu. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi, iphrojekthi I-WSF Beskid; imoto etholakalayo enobude bomzimba obubili, ngaphansi kwamamitha amathathu nesigamu kuzo zombili izimo, futhi enezinketho ezimbili zemishini, ngayinye enesizotha kakhudlwana (ama-cubic centimeter angu-594 no-704). Ngenxa yezinkinga zezomnotho, le phrojekthi ayizange ifinyelele ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi futhi ilungelo layo lobunikazi laphelelwa yisikhathi entwasahlobo ka-1993. Wonke umuntu angacabanga ukuthi yini ayifunayo, kodwa isithombe sibiza amagama ayinkulungwane ...

udliwa yimfashini

Namuhla, eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu ngemva kokuzalwa kweveni elincane eYurophu, sibona intuthuko yayo ukunyamalala kancane kancane kwezimoto ezincane kuvumela isizukulwane esisha sezimoto: ama-SUV, isigaba esibanzi njengoba kungenakwenzeka ukuthi sikwazi ukuhlalisa zonke lezo zimoto ezinohlobo oluthile lwepulasitiki emnyama ku-bodywork. Futhi ukuthi ayiphakamisi amabhamuza kodwa, uma i-BMW X6 F16 kuyi-“SUV” kanye ne-Suzuki Ignis iphinde ibe “yi-SUV”, kukhona okungahambi kahle.. Kunoma yikuphi, lowo owayeyiphayona eYurophu uye wazivumela ukuba adonswe yimfashini yezohwebo, futhi ngemva kwezizukulwane ezine zokuphumelela okulinganiselwe, iRenault Espace V iyi-"SUV".

I-Renault Espace V

Isizukulwane sesihlanu seRenault Espace safika emakethe ngo-2015 sinobuhle bomuntu siqu ngaphakathi nangaphandle, kodwa ukulahla zonke lezo zixazululo zokuhlala ezaziphawule izizukulwane ezine zokuqala.

I-bodywork ye-Espace entsha iwukuzivocavoca ngesitayela okuholele ekutheni kube nemoto ebukekayo njengoba iheha futhi, ngalo mqondo, kuwubulungiswa ukuvuma ukuthi iRenault isiphinde yakwazi ukwethula imoto enhle kakhulu. ubuntu bobuhle, kodwa maqondana nowandulelayo, i-Espace entsha ilahlekelwa ngamasentimitha angu-15 ubude futhi umzimba wayo uphakeme ngamasentimitha angu-4 kunomhlaba., okunomthelela omubi kakhulu esikhaleni esiqondile esitholakala kukhabethe lakho. Uma uphahla lwe-panoramic lufakwe, amanye amasentimitha amane okuphakama alahlekile endaweni yabagibeli. IRenault Espace V isaqhubeka nokuba nezihlalo eziyisikhombisa ekucushweni kwesihlalo somuntu ngamunye esingu-2+3+2. Noma kunjalo, umugqa wesithathu wezihlalo uyekile ukuba ntofontofo kokubili ekufinyeleleni kwayo kanye nohambo olude.

Kukhona into eyodwa futhi ephikisana ne-Espace entsha futhi akuyona enye ngaphandle kwelabhulali yayo yephephandaba; Ngo-1999 iRenault yasibuza umbuzo: Kuthiwani uma ukunethezeka kwangempela kwakuyisikhala?

Ukushiya ama-anecdotes eceleni, iRenault Espace V inazo zonke izisetshenziswa ezilindeleke ku-midsize sedan, kokubili mayelana nokuphepha nokunethezeka, futhi kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi amanani ayo entengo akubanga elingaphezu kokwamukelekayo, nenguqulo yalo eyisisekelo ingaphansi kwama-euro angu-30.000, nakuba izinga layo lekhwalithi alikho phezulu, isibonelo, iVolkswagen Passat Variant, imodeli yakhe eyisisekelo nayo ingaphansi komgoqo ongokwengqondo we-30.000 euros. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho iqala ukuthengiswa, kwavela ukwehluleka okuningi okwaphoqa abanikazi bayo ukuba benze umkhankaso wokuvuselela kabusha (ngokusho kwenjini, ngaphezu kweshumi).

Kodwa kungani i-Espace entsha iyi-"SUV" kuseyimpicabadala; naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lezo zindawo ezingamasentimitha amane ngaphezulu zibonakala zikufanelekela ukuhweba ngezigigaba ezinesibindi, amathayi ayo ahamba ngomgwaqo futhi ayinalo uhlelo lwe-X-Mod oluhlonyiswa ngamanye ama-“SUV” omkhiqizo, njenge-Kadjar noma i-Captur noma amanye ama-"SUV" afanayo njenge-Peugeot 5008 kanye nohlelo lwayo lwe-Advande Grip Control. Enye into eshintsha noma iyiphi imoto ibe yi-"SUV" izinsimbi ezisophahleni, into engatholakali nasesizukulwaneni sakamuva se-Espace.

Namuhla, labo bantu abadinga i-minivan enkulu banzima kakhulu. Uma ufuna usayizi othile, imodeli yeqembu le-VAG kuphela noma i Ssangyong rodius. Uma kungekho neyodwa kulawa mamodeli evumelana nathi, kufanele siye ezinguqulweni "ezinezihlalo" zamaveni athile, nakuba kufanele futhi kucaciswe ukuthi amanye awo, njenge I-Mercedes-Benz V W447 noma i IVolkswagen Transporter T6 Abanakho umona kuma-sedans aphambili futhi asezingeni eliphezulu emakethe. Khonza njengesibonelo intengo yama-euro angama-90.000 ngaphandle kwezinketho ezinakho kokubili I-Mercedes-Benz V250 Exclusive njenge Volkswagen Multivan Outdoor Panamericana.

Ezingxenyeni eziphansi, ukusesha kweminivan kulula futhi amanye amamodeli asengatholakala, nakuba lokhu akusho ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yezimoto zalolu hlobo zilandela umkhuba we "SUV". Kuzo zonke ezinikezwa emakethe yaseSpain, okuwukuphela kwento enikeza izici ezenza i-Espace yokuqala yaduma, njengephansi legumbi labagibeli eliyisicaba kanye nezihlalo zangemuva ezikwazi ukulungiseka. ICitroën C4 SpaceTourer. Bonke abanye babiza ukushelela kanye/noma ukuhleleka kwesihlalo sangemuva, into ehlomise, isibonelo, isizukulwane sakamuva se ILancia Delta futhi kwakungeyona iveni noma “SUV”.

Ingabe siyayidinga “iSUV”?

Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, amabhrendi asidayisela isidingo sokuba sonke sibe neveni elincane; namuhla, abaseSpain "badinga" "SUV". Akekho owaziyo ukuthi lesi sidingo savela nini noma isisekelo sesidingo, kodwa into eyodwa kufanele icace uma kuziwa ezimotweni zanamuhla nokuthi abanye bethu bahlupheka mathupha: banamakamelo amancane.

Angikaze ngizibone ngiyisimanga ngokuba mude ngo-1'87, empeleni ngibona abaningi emgwaqeni abade kunami. Nokho kubantu bobude bami, ukuhamba esihlalweni esingemuva senqwaba yezimoto zamanje kuwukuhlukumeza. Angikhulumi ngempela ngezimoto zasemadolobheni, ezihlangene noma lezo ezinobuhle be-coupe; impela i-Audi Q5 efakwe uphahla lwepanoramic akuyona imoto entofontofo uma kuziwa endaweni yokuhlala kubantu abane bobude bami. Ngaphandle kokwehliswa, abantu abane be-3'1 abangeni ku-Mazda CX85. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ukuphakama okujwayelekile kwamaJapane, naphezu kokuba senyuke kakhulu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, kusengamasentimitha angu-170 kumadoda, kodwa amaJalimane asevele edlula amasentimitha angu-180 futhi ayaqhubeka nokwenza izimoto esingalingani kuzo.

Kithina abade, umqondo weveni elincane wawungeyona imfashini; Kwakuyimpendulo yesidingo esibalulekile ezingagculisi inqwaba yama-"SUV" amanje atholakala ephaketheni labantu baseSpain okuthi, ezimweni eziningi, bathathwe kakhulu izici zobuhle noma inkolelo engamanga yokuvikeleka okukhulu.

“Ama-SUV” afikile azohlala, kodwa kuze kube nini?