Ibhethri kanye nokuvela kwemoto kagesi

Ezimotweni ezinenjini eshisayo, ukubaluleka kwezobuchwepheshe kuvela ku-propellant futhi ithangi likaphethiloli liyilokho kanye, ithangi. Nokho, ezimotweni ezinenjini kagesi, kwenzeka okuphambene; kokubili ukwakhiwa kanye nokusebenza kwemoto kagesi kulula kakhulu futhi inkimbinkimbi enkulu yobuchwepheshe iwela ebhethri.

Lapho ngo-1996 ukuthengiswa kwe- I-Fiat Seicento Elettra Yathengiswa njengensiza yezemvelo ekwazi ukufinyelela isivinini esikhulu samakhilomitha ayikhulu ngehora. Kwadingeka eyodwa ukuzibusa cishe okungamakhilomitha ayikhulu futhi ibhethri layo lithathe cishe amahora ayisishiyagalombili ukushajwa. Ngendlela, ngenxa yobukhulu bebhethri, le moto yesevisi yayinezihlalo ezimbili kuphela futhi, ngenxa yentengo, ukusabalalisa kwayo kwezohwebo akuzange kube yimpumelelo enkulu.

Uma sibuyela esikhathini samanje, imoto yomqondo yamanje efana nale Fiat ingase ibe yiyona I-Smart Fortwo Electric Drive. Le nqola yensiza encane inokuzimela kokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kucishe kufane noma kufane nese-Italian encane futhi isikhathi sayo sokushaja siphinde sifane kakhulu noma sincane, kodwa qaphela, kuphela uma siyixhuma kusokhethi yenethiwekhi eyisisekelo ye- ekhaya . Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe esetshenziswe ebhethrini ivumele inkampani yakwa-Daimler ukuthi inikeze ithuba lokufaka amashaja athile (WallBox) akwazi ukushaja amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ebhethri esikhathini esingaphezudlwana nje kwemizuzu engamashumi amane nanhlanu.

Umqondo oyisisekelo webhethri

ibhethri nje buthelela ugesi ozosetshenziswa kamuva yinjini kagesi. Inhloso yayo ifana neyethangi likaphethiloli, kodwa ukwakheka nokusebenza kwalo bekungeke kube yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Ngaphandle kokufuna ukungena ekujuleni kwezincazelo kanye/noma izinqubo zamakhemikhali, ukusebenza kwebhethri kusekelwe ku ukukhiqizwa kwama-electron kusuka ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okulawulwayo. Ngicabanga ukuthi abaningi benu basakhumbula ithebula le-periodic, inani lama-electron egobolondweni lokugcina kanye nokuzinza kwezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezakheka ngemva kokusabela. Nokho, endabeni yebhethri, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka ngaphakathi kuthanda a ukudluliswa kwama-electron kusuka esigxotsheni esinegethivu kuya esigxotsheni esihle.

Ibhethri lingakhiwa a inombolo eguquguqukayo yamaseli, izitsha ezincane lapho ama-electrode acwiliswa khona ku-electrolyte.

• I-Electrodo: i-conductor yamanje kagesi exhumene ne-electrolyte nangaphandle kweseli. Kungaba uphawu oluhle (i-anode) noma uphawu olunegethivu (i-cathode).
• I-Electrolyte: noma iyiphi into engahlukaniswa ngokusebenza kwamandla kagesi (i-electrolysis).

Ukunikeza isibonelo esilula, ebhethrini elidala le-asidi eholayo, i-electrode eyodwa yenziwe ngomthofu omsulwa (Pb), enye i-lead dioxide (PbO).₂) futhi i-electrolyte i-sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) zincibilike emanzini (H₂O).

Isethi yalawa maseli ithola igama lebhethri ngokunembile ngenxa yokuhlangana okudingekayo kwamaseli ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi. Lokhu kuhlotshaniswa kungase kube ochungechungeni (isigxobo esinegethivu seseli elilodwa nephozithivu yeseli elandelayo) ukuze kutholwe amandla kagesi amakhulu noma ngokuhambisana (zonke izigxobo zophawu olufanayo zihlanganiswe ndawonye) ukuze kutholwe ukushuba okukhulu.

I-Batería de iones de litio

I-Smart eshiwo ngenhla inebhethri ye-lithium ion. Lokhu kusho ukuthi leli bhethri esikhundleni se-sulfuric acid electrolyte nenye engusawoti we-lithium, kodwa isimiso samakhemikhali esivumela ukuthi iqongelele ugesi siyefana.

Mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwayo ezimotweni zikagesi, amabhethri e-lithium-ion banesisindo esincane futhi bavumela inani elikhulu lemijikelezo yokushajwa ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwamandla, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuwohloka kwebhethri. Njengamanje kulinganiselwa ukuthi ibhethri ye-lithium ion can gcina amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili omthamo wayo ngisho nangemva kwemijikelezo yokushajwa egcwele eyizinkulungwane ezintathu.

Izithiyo ezisebenzayo zemoto kagesi

Ukushiya eceleni intengo kanye nengqalasizinda embalwa ekhona eguquliwe ezweni lethu, "inkinga" enkulu yemoto kagesi ukuhlaziya kwayo okusebenzayo. Ngokwesibonelo, a IVolkswagen Golf 1.5 TSI Ihambisana kahle kakhulu nohambo olude. Ithangi lakho likaphethiloli likuvumela ukuthi uthathe uhambo olungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-800 futhi ngeke sichithe imizuzu engaphezu kwemihlanu sigcwalisa ithangi lakho.

Uma kunalokho sinentshisekelo kokusha IVolkswagen e-Golf, kufanele kucace ukuthi ibhethri layo ngeke lisivumele ukuthi senze uhambo lwamakhilomitha angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili nokuthi ukugcwalisa ibhethri layo kuzosiphoqa ukuthi siphuze ikhofi cishe amahora amahlanu endaweni yokuphuma ye-kilowatt engu-7.

Kuleli qophelo, abangaphezu koyedwa bazocabanga ngemoto efana nale I-Tesla Model S 100D, enokuzimela okugunyaziwe kwamakhilomitha angama-612, kanye ama-supercharger yomkhiqizo.

Okokuqala, ngiyabona ukuthi le Tesla iyimoto impela, kodwa inani layo lama-euro ayi-110.000 liyikhipha kancane ephaketheni lengxenye enkulu yeSpanishi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekujikelezeni ngamakhilomitha angama-60 - 70 ngehora, kungenzeka ukufinyelela ukuzimela okumenyezelwe ngoba ohambweni kumakhilomitha angu-120 ngehora ukuzimela kwangempela kuhlala kumakhilomitha angaba ngu-450, okungekubi nakho.

Mayelana nama-supercharger omkhiqizo, nakuba kulindeleke ukwanda okukhulu lapho kuqala ukuthengiswa kwe-Tesla Model 3, namuhla agxile kakhulu ogwini lwaseMedithera. Eqinisweni, eCastilla León kukhona okubili (iBurgos kanye neValladolid) futhi emiphakathini efana neCantabria, Asturias, Galicia noma iMadrid ayikho ngisho neyodwa.

Lawa ma-supercharger afinyelela ku-120 kilowatts avumela shaja emizuzwini engu-20 ugesi owawudinga ukwenza cishe amakhilomitha angu-300 kodwa banezinkinga ezinkulu: ngobuchwepheshe bamanje, imithwalo enamandla kangaka yenza impilo yebhethri ibe mfishane.

Ngalokhu ngiqonde ukuthi ngobuchwepheshe kanye nengqalasizinda yamanje, odinga ukuthatha uhambo olude njalo kufanele abheke izimoto ezihlanganisiwe eziyi-plug-in. Isibonelo, i IVolkswagen Golf GTE Ingasetshenziswa usuku nosuku njengemoto kagesi enebhethri elinikeza cishe amakhilomitha angu-40 okuzimela futhi njengemoto ehlangene engu-110-kilowatt esebenza kahle ohambweni olude. Ukuthi yebo, noma nini lapho sihamba ukukhanya kwemithwalo; kanti iVolkswagen Golf enenjini kaphethiloli inesiqu esinikeza amandla amalitha angama-380, leyo yemodeli eyi-hybrid ihlala ku-272 amalitha ahlakaniphile (amalitha angama-341 kumodeli kagesi ngokugcwele).

Ibhethri lesikhathi esizayo

Akekho obalekela iqiniso lokuthi ikusasa lemboni yezimoto lihamba nokufakwa kukagesi. Njengamanje kunama-brand amaningi azibophezele ku- i-microhybridization yezinjini zayo, kodwa lesi yisinyathelo esiphakathi nje phakathi kwemoto esetshenziswa uphethiloli kanye nemoto kagesi.

Ukubheja okukhulu kwemoto kagesi kudinga i nokwenza kahle ngosayizi webhethri nokusebenza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, cishe kuphoqelekile ukunikeza amazinga afanayo okuzimela kanye nezikhathi zokushaja ezingaqhudelana nezimoto ezifakwe izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyafuneka futhi ukwehlisa isisindo sebhethri. Ngokwesibonelo, a Renault Zoe isisindo 1.545 kilos futhi a IRenault Clio TCE 66 ihlala ku-1.082 kilos.

Isikhathi esifushane

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka emine noma emihlanu sizobe sesikwazi ukubona izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ezine- ukuzimela kwangempela okungamakhilomitha angama-600 sibonga ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe okusetshenziswe ebhethrini.

izimoto njenge Opel Ampera-e bahlomisa elinye lamabhethri esimanjemanje abawakhayo. Ikhiqizwa yi-LG Chem, ibhethri ekule Opel lenziwe nge- inhlanganisela ye-cobalt, i-lithium, i-manganese ne-nickel ekwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi owanele ukuhambisa imoto kwabambalwa Amakhilomitha angama-350 ezimeni zangempela yokusetshenziswa.

Lolu hlobo lwebhethri elihlanganisiwe line- impilo ephinda kabili leyo ye-lithium ion yamanje nakuba kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi inesisindo esicishe sibe ngamaphesenti ayishumi kunesamanje nokuthi izindleko zokuzikhiqiza zenyuka ngamaphesenti angaphezulu noma ngaphansi afanayo.

ibhethri eliqinile le-electrolyte

Kulindelwe unyaka ka-2020, i-electrolyte eqinile inobuningi obukhulu kuneyoketshezi futhi ivumela lolu hlobo lwebhethri ukuthi lugcine amandla amaningi kunokuba, isibonelo, ibhethri ye-lithium kasawoti. Futhi kunciphisa ukubukeka kwama-dendrites, izakhiwo eziphindaphindayo isici sezigaba zokuqala zokukhula kwekristalu futhi ezingakhiqiza izifunda ezimfushane ngaphakathi kwebhethri.

Lawa ma-dendrite, ngenxa yokwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali, ayimizimba engase ibe ama-conductor wamandla kagesi noma angabi nayo. Isibonelo, amakristalu e-ionic nama-covalent anikeza ukumelana okukhulu ekuqhutshweni kokushisa kanye/noma ugesi, futhi amakristalu amangqamuzana avikela ngokuphelele kulokhu. Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zamakristalu zikhawulela umthamo wokushaja webhethri, kusukela ngesikhathi sokubunjwa kwawo i-electrolyte ibhujiswa futhi, ngakho-ke, inqubo ye-electrolysis inqunyelwe.

Kukhona uhlobo lwesine lwamakristalu, awensimbi, abonakala ngokuba nama-electron ambalwa ezingqimbeni ezingaphandle futhi ashajwe kahle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ekubunjweni kwayo ibhubhisa i-electrolyte futhi, uma i-molecule yakhiwe, idonsa ama-electron angenasici agcinwe. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali kugobolondo le-valence, okusho ukuthi wonke ama-molecule avame ukuba nama-electron ayisishiyagalombili (ukuzinza) egobolondweni lawo lokugcina (igobolondo le-valence).

Izinzuzo zebhethri ye-electrolyte eqinile yilokho ishisa kancane kakhulu futhi ayijwayele ukuwohloka, okusho ukuthi iyakwazi ukugcina umthamo wayo wesitoreji phakathi nezinqubo eziningi zokushaja.

I-graphene kubhethri lesikhathi esizayo

Sekuyiminyaka, izinhlelo zocwaningo lwesayensi zinikeze inkulungwane eyodwa iphendukela ku-graphene, lokho impahla eyenziwe ngekhabhoni emsulwa ehlelwe ngephethini evamile enezinhlangothi ezine okubonakala sengathi kukhona kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke uma nje intengo yamanje ye-300 US dollar igremu ngayinye yehlisiwe, kunjalo. Yiqiniso, uma intengo yehla, kulindeleke ukuthi i-graphene izophinde ifinyelele ibhethri yemoto kagesi.

Ngokwalokho okwenzeka kuma-prototypes okuqala, ibhethri ye-graphene ine- izikhathi ezinhlanu ukuminyana kwamandla amabhethri e-lithium amanjeNgenxa yokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ingozi yokuqhuma icishe ingabi nalutho futhi uma kwenzeka isifunda esifushane, ingxenye eyonakele kuphela engeke isebenze.

Phakathi kwezinzuzo zebhethri le-graphene maqondana nalezi zamanje amandla ayo amakhulu, isisindo sayo esiphansi nevolumu elinganayo kanye nomthamo walo womthwalo ongeqiwe (ibhethri elingu-100 kwh lingashajwa ngaphansi kwemizuzu eyishumi).

Phakathi kokubi singagqamisa ukuthi bebengeke bafinyelele emakethe ngaphambi kweminyaka eyishumi noma eyishumi nanhlanu nokuthi okuwukuphela kwenkampani yaseSpain ezinikele ophenyweni lwamabhethri e-graphene, futhi okwakuyinkomba yomhlaba wonke, isanda kusolwa ngokukhwabanisa futhi iphenywa Ikhomishana Yemakethe Yezimboni Kazwelonke.

Ngisemncane bathi ngonyaka wezi-2000 kuzondiza izimoto ngeke zibe nomshayeli. Ngingathanda ukubuyela kulesi sihloko ngonyaka wezi-2030 futhi ngikwazi ukuhlaziya ukuthi izibikezelo zamanje ziyini. Yebo, kukhona okungitshela ukuthi ukuvela kwamabhethri kuzosimangaza unyaka nonyaka.