Isebenza kanjani injini kaphethiloli? Izigaba ezibalulekile kanye nezingxenye

Nsuku zonke sihamba ngemoto siye emsebenzini, senze izinto ezithile noma sijabulele ukushayela, kodwa singase singazi isebenza kanjani injini kaphethiloli futhi yini ekhiqiza ukunyakaza kwayo, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwakho.

Injini kaphethiloli enemivimbo emine, njengoba negama layo lisho, izigaba ezine zokusebenza. Lezi yizi: ukudla, ukucindezela, amandla kanye nokukhipha. Ngayinye yazo ihambisana nokushaywa kwepiston noma, okufanayo, ingxenye yokujika kwe-crankshaft futhi yenziwa ngaphakathi injini block.

Izigaba zokusebenza

Isigaba sokuthatha: kungena umoya nophethiloli

Ekuqaleni kwesigaba se ukungena, ipiston ingaphezulu kusilinda, okuthiwa i-TDC (Top Dead Center). Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-valve okudonsa avuliwe futhi ipiston yehlela phansi kusilinda, i-bdc (isikhungo esiphansi esifile). Ngesikhathi sokwehla kwepiston, kwakheka ukucindezeleka ngaphakathi kwesilinda leso idonsa ingxube yamafutha omoya. Okusho ukuthi, "imunca umoya" sengathi ingumjovo.

Ku-pmi, ama-valve okuthatha ayavala futhi ingxube yamafutha omoya ihlala ngaphakathi kusilinda. Phela, kuba ingxube yalezi zingxenye ezimbili ngoba uphethiloli ubungeke uvuthe uma ungenawo umoya-mpilo emoyeni. Ngokwesayensi ibizwa ngokuthi fuel kuphethiloli kanye i-oxidizing kumoya-mpilo ongena nawo.

Isigaba sokucindezela: umoya nophethiloli kuyacindezelwa

Isigaba sesibili, ukucindezelwa, isibhamu sikhuphukela ku-TDC futhi, ukucindezela yonke ingxube ngaphakathi kwe-cylinder, okubangela nokuthi ushise. Ukucindezela ngaphakathi kwesilinda kungafinyelela amabha angaba ngu-15 ngezinga lokushisa elisondele ku-450º C, kuzuzwe ingxube efana ne-homogeneous. Kulesi sigaba, i-crankshaft isiphendule elinye ithuba.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo liwukuthi lapho ingxube ingacindezelwa kakhulu, kuzosetshenziswa ukuqhuma okuzokwenzeka ngokushesha. lokhu kubizwa isilinganiso sokucindezela injini, okuvame ukukalwa ngezilinganiso njenge 10 a 1, 11 a 1, 12 a 1, 14 a 1…. Okusho lutho ngaphandle kwevolumu esetshenziswa ingxube ngaphambi kokuminyanisa kanye nevolumu eyithathayo ekupheleni kwesigaba sokucindezela. Sincoma isihloko isilinganiso sokucindezela kwenjini, ukuqonda kangcono lesi sici.

Nokho, umuntu kufanele aqaphe nge akubangeli ukuzithungela okungalawuleki, ngoba lokho kungalimaza injini. Kwenzekani uma ingxube icindezelekile kakhulu, lapho izinga lokushisa liningi kakhulu amagumbi omlilo noma ingxube yazo zombili izimo. Uma ufuna ukuqonda okwakamuva, bheka okuthunyelwe mayelana Ukuzithungela, ukuqhunyiswa nokungqongqoza kwenduku yokuxhuma.

Isigaba sokuqhuma: siqala ukusebenza…

Kulesi sigaba, ipiston iku-TDC yonke ingxube icindezelwe. Kulapha lapho inhlansi igxuma isuka ku-spark plug (izinjini zikaphethiloli) ithungela ingxube yomoya nophethiloli. Ngenxa yalokho, kwenzeka ukuqhuma. ngokushesha andisa amagesi ashile futhi iphushe piston kuze pmi. Lena yi- isigaba somsebenzi yenjini, njengoba i-piston ithola umfutho omkhulu ngokuqhuma, ukuze iwudlulisele ku-crankshaft. Phakathi nalesi sigaba i-crankshaft izungeza elinye ithuba lokujika.

Kufanele kuqashelwe indaba ebaluleke kakhulu ezinjinini ezivuthayo. Le ncazelo yezigaba yenziwe lula ukuqonda ukuthi injini kaphethiloli isebenza kanjani, kodwa esigabeni sokuqhuma sizokweqa lokhu kwenziwa lula isikhashana. Njengoba sesinitshelile, ukuqhuma kwanda ngokushesha ukusunduza ipiston.

Kodwa-ke, leli jubane alikho kangako ijubane injini ehamba ngalo ngezinye izikhathi. Ngakho-ke kukhona ukuthungela phambili, okumayelana nokuqala ukuqhuma ngenkathi ingxube isacindezelwa. Ngale ndlela ishisa ngokushesha futhi ingxenye enenzuzo kakhulu yokuqhuma ihambisana nokwehla kwepiston. Okusho ukuthi, isigaba sokuqhuma kanye nesigaba sokucindezela "kuhlala umzuzwana" sivuna ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Uma ufuna incazelo eningiliziwe yale nqubo, sincoma isihloko Kuyini ukuthungela kusengaphambili?

Isigaba sokukhipha umoya: amagesi ashiya igumbi elivuthayo

Ekugcineni, sifika esiteji se Ukuphunyuka. Kulesi senzakalo, i-piston i-PMI futhi ama-valve e-exhaust avuliwe, lapho amagesi e-exhaust akhishwa ngokushesha. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba i-piston ihlehla iye phezulu ukuya ku-tdc iwaphusha iwakhiphe ngaphakathi kwesilinda. Uma i-piston iku-TDC, ama-valve ayavala. Phakathi nesigaba sokukhipha umoya, i-crankshaft izungeza elinye ithuba lokujika, iqedela izigaba ezi-4 zokusebenza kwenjini kaphethiloli.

Njengoba ubona, i-piston isikhona futhi ku-TDC, ukulungele ukuqala isigaba sokwamukelwa futhi. Ngendlela yokuthi injini izophinda yonke le nqubo inqobo nje uma siqhubeka nayo.

Eminye imibuzo yokwazi ukuthi injini kaphethiloli isebenza kanjani

i-crankshaft

Ike yashiwo kaningi ezigabeni zenjini enama-stroke amane futhi ukwazile ukuyibona isebenza kuvidiyo ekuqaleni. Umsebenzi wayo wukuthi guqula ukunyakaza komugqa we pistons esiyingini esizoyisebenzisa ukuhambisa imoto. Isifaniso esingcono kakhulu esosomshayeli webhayisikili, ogibela ibhayisikili ukuze ahambe. Uma ubhekisisa ukunyakaza kwenjini, yilokho okwenziwa yipiston ngayinye lapho iphendula i-crankshaft: «i-pedal".

Uma ufuna ukungena ujule kule ngxenye yenjini, sincoma izindatshana ukusebenza kwe-crankshaft y I-piston: kuyini, yiziphi izingxenye zayo, intengo ... Uzobona ukuthi ukusebenza kwenjini kulula kunalokho okubonakala.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi injini-stroke ezimbili

Ukusatshalaliswa kwenjini

Njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi usubonile, enjinini kukhona izakhi ezidinga ukusebenzisana okuphelele. Isibonelo: ukuthi ama-valve avuleke ukuze kungene ingxube lapho ipiston yehla (isigaba sokudonsa) noma ukuthi ivale lapho ipiston ikhuphuka (isigaba sokucindezela). Uhlelo lokusabalalisa lwenjini lubhekene nalokhu kuhlanganisa, okuwuchungechunge lwezakhi ezixhuma ingxenye ngayinye ngamasondo, amabhande, ama-camshafts nabanye.

Ngokuqondile, ingxenye eyisisekelo yesistimu yokusabalalisa ezinjinini ezivame kakhulu zanamuhla yi- ibhande lesikhathi noma iketango. Uyena ophethe ukudlulisa ukujika kwe i-crankshaft kuya ku Ama-Camshafts evula futhi ivale ama-valve. Ngaleyo ndlela bakwenza ngesikhathi esifanele hhayi esinye. Isici esingaba yingozi enjinini.

Uma ungazazi lezi zingxenye, ungabona ukuthi zibukeka kanjani nokuthi zisebenza kanjani ezihlokweni: i-camshaft y ibhande lesikhathi. Futhi, uma ufuna ukujula okwengeziwe ngendaba, sincoma futhi isihloko esithi izinhlobo zokusabalalisa ezinjinini zamanje. Kuzokusiza ukuthi uqonde kangcono ukuthi injini kaphethiloli isebenza kanjani. Akuwona wonke ama-motor afanayo, noma ngabe alawulwa yizimiso ezifanayo eziyisisekelo zokusebenza.

Izithombe - UMarco Bernardini, Mat