Enye yezinto ezithinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwenjini ngokungangabazeki ukuthi isilinganiso sokucindezela. Leli yiqiniso elinquma kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo okushisayo. Okusho ukuthi, indlela esebenzisa ngayo amandla avela ekushiseni ukuze aguqule abe ukunyakaza.
Ngokusobala, imayelana ne ubuhlobo lokho kukhona phakathi kwevolumu yengxube yomoya/yamafutha lapho icindezelwe kanye nomthamo wayo uma sekuphelile kuqhunyiswa. Nakuba sikhuluma iqiniso, ezinjinini zikadizili okucindezelwe wumoya kuphela, ngoba udizili ujovwa ngemuva kwalokho.
isilinganiso sokucindezela kuvezwe njengezinombolo ezimbili esivumela ukuthi silinganise isilinganiso. Ngokwesibonelo: 10 a 1, 11 a 1, 12 a 1, 14 a 1 Noma yiliphi inani, okusho kuphela ukuthi ingxube ikhula izikhathi ezingu-10, 11, 12 noma 14 uma isishile. Uma kukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamavolumu amabili aqhathanisiwe, kuyanda ukusebenza okushisayo izoba nenjini, ngoba izosebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukunwetshwa kwayo ukuze ikhiqize ukunyakaza.
Isilinganiso sokucindezela esiphezulu noma esiphansi
Uma lokhu sekwaziwa, umbuzo wemvelo kakhulu uthi: kungani zonke izinjini zingenawo isilinganiso esiphezulu sokucindezela? Kungani kunabaningi abavumelana nesilinganiso esiphansi sika-10 kuya ku-1, njengoba bebeyophumelela kakhulu ukube besingaphezulu?
Ukuze uqonde lokhu, kufanele wazi amaqiniso amabili alula, kodwa anquma:
- ukuziqhumisa: Kunengcindezi enkulu lapho ingxube yesibaseli somoya ingafakwa ngaphansi kwayo ngaphandle kokuziqhumisa ngokwayo. Uma lo mkhawulo weqiwa ngaphambi kokuba i-piston ifinyelele phezulu, ukuqhuma kwenzeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi injini ingalimala kakhulu.
- ukucindezela kokucindezela: ingcindezi ingxube efinyelela kuyo uma ipiston isisendaweni ephezulu kakhulu yokuhamba kwayo. Uma sijova ingxube encane kulowo mthamo, ingcindezi izoba phansi futhi uma sijova kakhulu izoba phezulu. Ngakho uzoqonda ukuthi kunomkhawulo kaphethiloli ongafakwa kuleso sikhala ngaphandle kokubangela le nto eshiwo ngenhla yokuziqhumisa.
Uma usuyifanisile le miqondo, uzokuqonda lokho isilinganiso sokucindezela asikwazi ukuba phezulu kunoma iyiphi imodeli. Kukhona izinjini ezikwazi ukufaka uphethiloli omningi emakamelweni azo avuthayo. Kuzo, yonke into izohamba kahle inqobo nje uma i-accelerator ingacindezelwe kakhulu, ngoba ingxube encane izojovwa. Inkinga yayizofika lapho ucindezela i-accelerator kakhulu, ngaleso sikhathi ingxube izoba kuningi kakhulu futhi izoziqhumisa ngokwayo ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yokucindezela okukhulu kokucindezela.
Le mibono emibili ingadideka, kodwa ibhekisela ezindabeni ezihluke ngokuphelele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i isilinganiso sokucindezela kukodwa nje ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwemiqulu: uma ipiston ikwi-Bottom Dead Center (BDC) futhi uma iseTop Dead Center (TDC). Yingakho ivezwa ngendlela yesilinganiso "X kuya ku-1". Ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokuzama ukuveza isilinganiso sokucindezela emigoqweni noma kunoma yisiphi esinye isilinganiso sokucindezela, ngoba asilinganisi ubukhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- ukucindezela kokucindezela ikhombisa i ukucindezela okufinyelelwe yingxube lapho ipiston iseTop Dead Center (TDC). Kulesi simo, ivezwa ngenani elilandelwa iyunithi yokulinganisa ingcindezi. Isibonelo: kumabha noma ku-kg/cm2.
Isixazululo salokhu sibonakala ngokucacile ezinjinini ze-turbo, ku isilinganiso sokucindezela sehliswa ngamabomu. Njengoba befaka umoya ocindezelwe kumasilinda ukuze bashise uphethiloli owengeziwe kuleso sikhala, abakwazi ukuba nesilinganiso esiphezulu sokucindezela ngoba bekungaziqhumisa ngokwawo ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Singabheka isilinganiso sokucindezela kwamanye amamodeli ukubona lokho kuncike kakhulu ohlotsheni lwenjini:
- I-Seat León 2020 1.5 EcoTSI 150 hp: inenjini kaphethiloli ene-turbocharged futhi ine-compression ratio engu-10,5 kuya ku-1.
- I-Toyota GT86 ka-2016: Inenjini efisa ngokwemvelo futhi ine-compression ratio engu-12,5 kuya ku-1.
- I-Mazda 3 Skyactiv-G 2.0 enamandla angu-122 hp: iphinde ibe nenjini efisa ngokwemvelo kanti isilinganiso sayo sokuminyanisa singu-13 kuya ku-1.
Isilinganiso sokucindezela kanye ne-octane
Inombolo ye-octane kaphethiloli nayo kuthinta kakhulu isilinganiso sokucindezela injini engasethwa ngaso. Lesi sakhiwo sisho ingcindezi ongayifaka kuphethiloli ngaphambi kokuthi uziqhumise ngokwawo. Kuphethiloli yizinombolo ozibona kuzo zonke iziteshi zikaphethiloli: 95 noma 98.
omdala ingabe le nombolo, amabhere okucindezela ngaphezulu uphethiloli ongaqhumi. Ngakho-ke izinjini ezisebenzisa uphethiloli ongu-98 zingathuthukiswa ngezinga eliphezulu lokucindezela ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Isibonelo, i-Honda Type R isebenzisa uphethiloli 98 ngezici zenjini yayo engu-2.0 hp 320 turbocharged.
Ngawo-30, itafula lasungulwa hlukanisa amafutha ngokucindezela ababekubambe ngaphambi kokuqhunyiswa. Kulokhu, kukhethwe izibaseli ezimbili ezinokuziphatha okuphambene ngokuphelele. I-n-heptane, okwakuyinto eyaziwayo eyayimelana nokucindezela okuncane, kanye ne-isooctane, okwakuyiyona eyayimelane kakhulu nayo ngokuvumelana nedatha yangaleso sikhathi.
Eyokuqala inikezwe inani elingu-0 futhi eyesibili i-100 njengamanani ayireferensi. Ngakho, izinombolo zabelwa ezinye izinto zokubasa kuye ngokucindezela ezikubekezelela. Ngakho-ke, uphethiloli wamanje unenombolo 95 noma 98 hhayi eminye. Yize uphethiloli ona-97 kanye no-100 octane aseqalile ukuthengiswa.
Isilinganiso sokucindezela ezinjinini zikadizili nezikaphethiloli
Esinye sezizathu injini udizili iphumelela ukwedlula uphethiloli ukuthi yayo Isilinganiso sokucindezela siphezulu. Okujwayelekile ukuthi kuma-turbodiesel aphakathi kuka-15 kuya ku-1 no-17 kuya ku-1, nakuba izinjini ezifika ku-24 kuya ku-1 nazo zingatholakala.
Lobu budlelwano bungafinyelelwa ngenxa yokuthi izinjini zikadizili basebenza ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kunophethiloli. Abayishisi ingxube ye-fuel-air ngenhlansi evela ku-spark plug, kodwa kunalokho cindezela umoya ukuze bese ujova udizili lapho izoqhuma khona ngengcindezi ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlelo oluyinxenxayo.
Ngokunengqondo, zilinganiselwe ukwenza lokhu ngesikhathi esifanele, okuyilapho i-piston ikhuphuka yonke futhi sekuyisikhathi sokwehla. Okusho ukuthi, lapho isigaba sokucindezela sesiphelile futhi isigaba sokunweba siqala ngaphakathi kwe- umjikelezo wenjini enemivimbo emine. Hhayi njengalapho ingxube iziqhumisa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngokulimala kwenjini.
I-Cetane hhayi i-octane
Endabeni kadizili idatha oyithandayo Akuyona i-octane kodwa i-cetane. Liyini inani elinqumayo kuthatha isikhathi ukuthi uphethiloli uqhume, njengoba ifakwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Enjinini kadizili yisikhathi esithathayo ukuthi iqhume kusukela ijovelwa emoyeni okade ucindezelwe.
Udizili odayiswa namuhla unesilinganiso se-cetane phakathi kuka-51 no-55. Uma le nombolo iphakeme, izoqhuma ngokushesha futhi ukubambezeleka okuncane kuzoba khona ekamelweni elivuthayo ukuze kutholwe amandla. Into esetshenziswa ezinye izinkampani ze-petrochemical njengesimangalo sezentengiselwano ukuze amakhasimende akhethe amagalaji awo.
Ukucindezela okuncane kwenjini yedizili
Kunomqondo othokozisayo nokwazi ngezinjini zikadizili futhi yilokho zidinga ukucindezela okuncane. Uma zingafinyeleli ezingeni elithile, ngeke zikwazi ukuvula udizili futhi ngeke zisebenze. Ngamanye amazwi, uma ingcindezi enkulu ilahlekile, isibonelo yi- piston izindandatho noma nge amagagasi, injini ayisaqali nakuqala.
Lokhu akwenzeki enjinini kaphethiloli, ngoba okuthungela ingxube yomoya nophethiloli yinhlansi yomoya. amapulaki. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ngeke ilahlekelwe yingcindezi lapho ivuza khona, uma sekwenzekile ukuqhunyiswa. Ngaleyo ndlela izosebenza, kodwa ilahlekelwe ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza ngokungakwazi ukusebenzisa kahle amandla.
Okuhlukile kokujwayelekile
Kukhona okuhlukile kulo mehluko phakathi kukaphethroli nodizili, othuthukiswe ngabakwa I-Mazda: the ISkyactiv-X 2.0 180 hp. Le njini kaphethiloli inomsebenzi ophakathi nendawo ekadizili nophethiloli. ukuqhunyiswa uphethiloli wenziwa ngokwengxenye ngokucindezelwa kanye nama-spark plug. Yingakho ine-compression ratio ye 16,3 a 1 okuyinto efaniswa nokadizili abaningi. Isibonelo: i-BMW 320d ka-2019 ingu-16,5 kuya ku-1, i-Audi A4 2020 TDI ka-40 ingu-15,5 kuya ku-1, kanye ne-220 Mercedes C-Class 2018d nayo.
Ngakho-ke, umkhiqizo umemezela ukusetshenziswa okusondele ku-diesel enezinga elifanayo lokusebenza (180 hp), nakuba le njini inguphethiloli womoya.
Isilinganiso sokucindezela esiguquguqukayo
Lapha sifinyelela isixazululo esivumelayo shintsha isilinganiso sokucindezela njengoba kudingeka. Amandla avumela ukwenza ngcono kakhulu ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza. Injini efakwe isistimu yokucindezela eguquguqukayo ikuvumela ukuthi ufinyelele isilinganiso esiphelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ijovwe ngenani elikhulu lengxube noma encane.
Isibonelo, uma uya ku- “ithiphu yegesi” ukugcina isivinini, inani lenhlanganisela Yini engena ekamelweni omlilo encane. umzuzu lapho i isilinganiso sokucindezela kungaba khona iMeya ngaphandle kokuziqhumisa. Kunalokho, uma sicela i ukusheshisa okuphezulu enjinini efanayo, hlanganisa Kuyoba kuningi ngobuningi futhi izothatha ivolumu eyengeziwe, ngakho-ke isilinganiso sokucindezela uzozijwayeza ukuba encane futhi ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukuthi ingaqhumi ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ngokwenza lokhu kuyabonakala ngoba injini ene-variable compression izuza kakhulu ukusebenza kahle, ngoba ilungisa isilinganiso sokucindezela sibe phezulu ngangokunokwenzeka esimweni ngasinye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukufinyelela a ukusebenza phezulu kakhulu ngoba ungakwazi ukuyibeka phansi ukuze uthole ukuxuba okuningi ekamelweni.
Un isibonelo esihle yalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe injini I-Infiniti VC-T, i-sub-brand esezingeni eliphezulu yakwaNissan. Isebenza ngenxa yokuthi bengeza i-exocentric shaft kanye nezinduku zokuxhuma eziphakathi ezixhuma ku-crankshaft. I-actuator ihambisa le sethi yezingxenye ukuze ihambise i-stroke yama-piston phezulu noma phansi ukuze iguqule isilinganiso sokuminyanisa. Kuvidiyo elandelayo ungabona ukuthi ukwenza kanjani:
Okunye isibonelo esithakazelisayo yintsha INNEngine motor esesigabeni sokuthuthukiswa. Lokho kusebenzisa isistimu elula kakhulu ukufeza umphumela ofanayo, kusukela esikhundleni se- crankshaft ejwayelekile, inesethi yamapuleti e-cam noma amapuleti e-sine.
I-Compression Ratio Formula
Amanani acatshangelwa ukubala isilinganiso sokucindezela (RC) yila i-cylinder bore (d), ibe Umjaho wePiston (s), okuyibanga elihambayo ukusuka ku-PMS ukuya ku-PMI, kanye ne umthamo omncane wegumbi lomlilo (Vc). Ifomula imi kanje:
Nokho, lesi sibalo sokuminyanisa isilinganiso ayifaki imininingwane ethile okufanele kwengezwe uma kunesidingo. Ngokuya ngokucushwa kwenjini, kungase kube namavolumu athile angafakiwe kufomula:
- Uma ikhanda le-piston i-concave, kufanele wengeze i- umthamo waleyo mbobo, njengoba ingangezwe ku-piston stroke, futhi akufanele ifakwe kuvolumu yegumbi elivuthayo. Uma idatha yomkhiqizi ingatholakali, ungakhetha ukuyikala ngokuqondile. Nakuba kudinga ukuba nengxenye eduze. Imayelana nokuyigcwalisa ngoketshezi ukuze ubone ukuthi inevolumu engakanani ngempela. Ngomzuzu 4.10 we le vidiyo uyabona ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani. Umsebenzi weshabhu odinga imishini ethile.
- La ikhanda gasket futhi kuyinani lokwengeza kumthamo omncane wekamelo elivuthayo, uma lingafakiwe kakade kulo. Kulokhu kulula kakhulu ukuyithola ngoba injalo linganisa ubude bakho futhi usebenzise futhi ifomula yevolumu yesilinda.
Isithombe segalaji likaphethiloli - uMikel Ortega
Ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nale modeli
- Amaplaza 5
- Potencia 122 - 186 hp
- Ukusetshenziswa 5 - 6,1l/100km
- Ukuhlola 4,7
Ngidinga ukukhulisa injini yami yesithuthuthu kusuka kumkhiqizo waseShayina i-QMC 200c.c. uhlobo lwe-enduro ngidinga izeluleko zakho futhi nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezithuthuthu okufanele ngizethule noma ngenzeni ngibhala ngivela e-ECUADOR -GUAYAQUIL
Ngingathanda ukwazi ukuthi yimaphi amandla akhiqizwa ukuqhuma kwepiston emotweni evamile, ingalinganiswa ngo-Kg. Isibonelo, i-150 noma i-200 kg. phoqa.njalo uma iqhuma.
Ngifisa sengathi kukhona ongangitshela, ngifisa ukwazi.