Kukhona eziningi izinhlobo zezinjini emhlabeni wezimoto. Okukhulu manje ngokukhula okukhulayo kwezimoto zikagesi eziguqula imakethe. Kodwa ukuthi ngaphakathi kwezinjini ezivuthayo zendabuko, sekuvele kukhona a uhlu olukhulu izinjini izici ezahlukene kakhulu: udizili, uphethiloli, igesi ngisho notshwala. I-Piston, i-rotary, i-four-stroke kanye ne-two-stroke. Amathuba cishe awanakubalwa.
Kuwo wonke umlando wemboni yezimoto, zonke izinhlobo zamadivaysi emishini. Kodwa-ke, abaningi baye bawa endleleni, okusishiya nenhle kakhulu, imvelo, enamandla noma, okungenani, elula kakhulu ukuyikhiqiza noma ukuyinakekela. Ngaphandle kokuqhubeka, izitayela zakamuva, okushiya eceleni ukufakwa kukagesi, ukuthi izinjini ezinkulu ezishintshayo ezinamasilinda amaningi ziyashabalala nokuthi udizili kancane kancane ulahlekelwa ukuvelela.
Kulesi sihloko sizobuyekeza i- izindlela ezahlukene zokuhlukanisa izinjini: inani lamasilinda, ukubekwa kwawo, uphethiloli wawo… Nakuba sizophinde sisho umehluko okhona phakathi motors kagesi futhi of ingxubevange. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi maduze, kungase kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi umehluko phakathi kwe-synchronous kanye ne-asynchronous motor kagesi, kunomehluko phakathi kwe-turbocharged kanye nenjini efunwa ngokwemvelo.
Izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi
Ngaphambi kokuqala ukukhuluma ngezinjini ezivuthayo, okuyimanje zonke izibhamu, kufanele wenze eyodwa ukukhuluma okukhethekile ezinjinini ezijikelezayo noma uhlobo lwe-Wankel. Lezi zisebenza ngendlela ehluke kakhulu njengoba zingenawo amasilinda namapiston esiwajwayele. Zayeka ukwenziwa eminyakeni edlule, phakathi kwezinye izinto ngenxa yokugcinwa kwazo kanzima. Nokho, konke kukhomba ukuthi bazobuya maduze kusukela esandleni sikaMazda, uma kuphela ngesimo samajeneretha kagesi.
Ngokusho kokubekwa kanye nenani lamasilinda
Izinjini ezinamasilinda kulayini (L)
Ngokugxila ezinjinini ezivamile ze-piston, singaphetha ngokuthi iningi lezimoto esizibona emgwaqweni nsuku zonke zine injini emgqeni. Kule njini amasilinda abekwe ngokulandelana kanti ajwayeleke kakhulu yilawo aziwayo Amasilinda ama-4 emgqeni. Ezimotweni ezincane kakhulu singathola amasilinda ama-3 kuphela. Ngokwesinye isandla, IBMW yaziwa ngamasilinda angu-6 kulayini nezinye izinhlobo zeVolvo noma ze-Audi zikhweza amasilinda angu-5 emgqeni.
Izinjini ze-V-cylinder
Olunye uhlobo olusabalele yilena okuthiwa V-izinjini. Ngokuvamile zingamamotho ukuthutha okukhulu, nakuba kukhona namamodeli aphansi okufuduka kwezinye izithuthuthu. Lawa ma-motor abonakala ngokuba ne- amasilinda ahlelwe ngendlela engu-V, ukwazi ukushintsha i-angle yayo yokuthambekela, okunquma izici ezihlukahlukene zenjini. Ngokuvamile, ezivame kakhulu ngokuvamile i-V6 eyaziwa kakhulu, nakuba singathola i-V8, V10, V12 ngisho namasilinda angajwayelekile, njenge-V5.
Izinhlobonhlobo zalezi zinjini ziyi-VR, njenge Iqembu le-VAG VR6. Lolu hlobo lwemoto lubonakala ngokuba ne-V evalwe kakhulu, ecishe ifane nemoto yomugqa wendabuko, ukwabelana ngisho isinqe esifanayo. Olunye uhlobo yi-W okuthi, ukuze uthole umbono, izinjini eziyi-2 V zihlangene futhi zingafika ku-W16, njenge-Bugatti Chiron.
Zombili izinjini ze-VR, W kanye ne-V, alinganisele futhi acwengekile, anomsindo oyingqayizivele. Zivamise ukugitshezwa ezimotweni ezikhethekile nezingajwayelekile, nakuba singazithola nasezimotweni zansuku zonke.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zimfanelo, izinjini ze-V zivame ukuhlangana ngobude kunezinjini ezisemgqeni. Ukubeka amasilinda ngemuva komunye kuthatha isikhala esiningi ngobude kunokuwahlela emigqeni emibili eyakha u-V. Okungukuthi Esinye sezizathu ngazo i 10 izimoto ezibiza kakhulu emhlabeni banenjini engu-V noma engu-W. Isikhala singaba inkinga uma kusetshenziswa izinjini zamasilinda angu-8, 12 noma ngisho nayi-16.
Esilandelayo ividiyo ungabona ukuthi ziyini izimoto nokuthi zinaziphi izinjini:
izinjini zamabhokisi
Lezi ziyi izinjini ze-piston ezingavamile. Sezimbalwa izimoto ezinezinjini zalolu hlobo kanti eziningi ezakwaSubaru nePorsche. Amaphistoni abekwe avundlile phansi, ngakho-ke ama-piston angena futhi aphume kulo mumo onelukuluku. Ngakho igama lakhe "boxer".
injini ye-piston ephikisayo
Le typology ayikhulumi ngempela mayelana nokuhlelwa kwamasilinda. Nakuba zinezinto ezihlukile ezithokozisayo: ziyizinjini ezinakho amapiston amabili isilinda. Ngale ndlela, ukuqhuma ngakunye okwenzeka ngaphakathi phusha amapiston amabili ibekwe ekugcineni kwesilinda. Yingakho ngokuvamile adinga ama-crankshaft amabili ukuze aguqule ukunyakaza kwe-longitudinal kube okujikelezayo.
Ngokuhlukile kulokhu, kukhona, isibonelo, i- Injini ye-INN. Inkampani yaseSpain esungule injini yepiston ephikiswayo eshintsha ama-crankshaft ngamapuleti e-cam. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inamasilinda abekwe esikweleni ukuze wonge isikhala. Okuthile okungangezwa ohlotsheni lwezinjini ngokohlelo lwesilinda, nakuba kuyivelakancane kakhulu.
Izinhlobo zezinjini ngokuya ngamafutha ezibasayo
izinjini zikaphethiloli
Izinjini uphethiloli Ziyinjini yangaphakathi evuthayo. Okungukuthi, izinjini ezidinga inhlansi ukuthungela uphethiloliyini eyenziwe nge-spark plug. Njenganoma iyiphi injini evuthayo, ukusebenza kwayo kusekelwe ekwandeni okunamandla kwengxube yamafutha omoya lapho ivuliwe.
Izinjini zikaphethiloli zingaba imivimbo emine noma emibili. Eyokuqala iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni, kuze kube manje, ishiya ukushaywa kabili kwamanye ama-mopeds neminye imishini yezimboni njengoba yehliswe ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwawo kwegesi. Uma ubhekisisa kahle, izinjini zalolu hlobo ziyaphuma intuthu enombala oluhlaza kancaneNgoba baxuba amafutha nophethiloli ukuze bagcobe.
Ibizwa nge-four-stroke ngoba inawo izigaba ezine ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwayo: ukungena, ukucindezelwa, ukunwetshwa y Ukuphunyuka. I-crankshaft yenze izinguquko ezimbili ngakho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-stroke emibili yenza i-aspiration kanye nokucindezela ekuhambeni okufanayo okukhuphukayo kwe-piston kanye nokwandiswa nokukhipha ukunyakaza okwehlayo. Ngakho-ke i-crankshaft yenze inguquko eyodwa kuphela.
Ngaphakathi izinjini ezine-stroke. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zemijikelezo: i Otto, the Miller futhi i Atkinson. Okungase kwengezwe kuyo i umjikelezo womlilo we-buddack eyethulwe ngabakwaVolkswagen ngo-2017. Eyokuqala iphendula encazelweni esiyenzile mayelana nemivimbo emine kanti eminye emibili ishiya amagagasi izimbobo zokungenisa zivuliwe, ukubuyisela ingxenye yengxube ku- ukungena futhi phakathi nesigaba sokucindezela. Ngalokhu bayakwazi ukunciphisa kakhulu umzamo okufanele bawenze ukuze bacindezele ingxube, ngakho basebenza kahle kakhulu. Okubi ukuthi amandla ayancipha. I-Miller iphinde yengeze i-volumetric compressor ukwengeza umoya ocindezelwe.
izinjini diesel
Lezi zinjini zisebenzisa amafutha edizili ukusebenza. A fuel ukuthi ayikwazi ukuvuthwa yinhlansi, njengoba kwenza izinjini zikaphethiloli. Kunalokho kufanele ukuthungela ingxube ye-air-diesel ngokucindezela. Yingakho i- isilinganiso sokucindezela yalezi zinjini iphakeme kakhulu kunekaphethiloli.
Ngokuvamile, kunjalo esebenza kahle kakhulu kunophethiloli, nakuba zidinga izinhlelo ezingcono kakhulu zokunciphisa ukungcola ukuze lingangcolisi kakhulu. Ngalo mqondo, bakhipha ama-molecule e-NOx amaningi kunophethiloli, ngaphezu kokukhiqiza okuningi i-cinder. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, futhi naphezu kwezinhlelo zokulwa nokungcola ezihlanganisa nesimanje kakhulu, zijeziswa kakhulu ngabaphathi.
izinjini diesel Futhi zingaba izikhathi ezimbili nezine, futhi lesi sakamuva sifana kakhulu nomjikelezo Otto. Umehluko omkhulu ngezinjini zikaphethiloli ngalo mjikelezo, ngaphandle kokuzishisa ngengcindezi, yilokho umjovo kaphethiloli wenziwa ezikhathini zokugcina zesigaba sokucindezela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okwamanje zonke izimoto ezinalolu hlobo lukaphethiloli zine-turbo.
izinjini zegesi
izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi bangasebenzisa negesi esikhundleni sikaphethiloli. Lezi ngokuvamile Igesi yemvelo ecindezelwe (I-GNC) noma I-liquefied petroleum gas (GLP). Ziyimvelo kakhulu kunalabo abasebenzisa uphethiloli kuphela. Ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni i-NOx encane kakhulu.
I-Nitrogen oxide noma 'i-Nitro'
Ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, i-nitrogen oxide hhayi uphethiloli onamandla kakhulu okwandisa amandla enjini. Eqinisweni, zingama- molecule aphukayo lapho kushisa futhi akhiphe umoya-mpilo omningi emkhathini. ikamelo lomlilo. Ngakho-ke isebenza njengophethiloli futhi hhayi njengamafutha. Okungukuthi, ngokuba ne-oxygen eyengeziwe etholakalayo, ingashisa uphethiloli owengeziwe ngakho-ke kukhiqiza amandla engeziwe. Akuvunyelwe eSpain futhi kuya ngokuya ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni.
Kuwuhlobo lokushaja kakhulu, kodwa esikhundleni sokusebenzisa i-turbo ukufaka umoya ocindezelwe kakhulu, bethula igesi ekhipha umoya-mpilo lapho kushisa. Izinjini ezilungiselelwe ukusebenzisa i-Nitro kumele zilungiswe ngezindlela eziningi. Ngokuvamile zidinga izingxenye ezinokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu y izinguquko ku-electronics ukulungisa ukusebenza kwayo lapho i-nitrogen oxide ijovwa. Isibonelo, ukuhluka kwe ukuthungela phambili nokwandisa inani likaphethiloli. Khumbula ukuthi isebenza kuphela imizuzwana embalwa, bese ishisa uphethiloli futhi nge-oxygen emoyeni.
Injini ye-atmospheric Vs. turbo engine
La umehluko phakathi kwezinjini umkhathi futhi i i-turbocharged ukuthi, ngenkathi owangaphambili usebenza nge umoya wokucindezela osendaweni, imizuzwana ingena ingcindezi eyengeziwe ephoqelelwe. Ngokuba ne-oxygen eyengeziwe, izinjini ze-turbo zingashisa uphethiloli owengeziwe ngosayizi ofanayo noma ngisho negumbi elincane elivuthayo. Lokhu hhayi kuphela ivumela ukufinyelela amandla ephakeme uma uthanda, kodwa futhi ivumela a impendulo engcono ngesivinini esiphansi nesiphakathi. Okuthile izinjini zasemkhathini ngokuvamile ezingenayo futhi, uma zilungisa, azifinyeleli emandleni enjini ye-turbo.
Okujwayelekile ku izimoto ezijwayelekile nge-turbo ukusebenzisa izingcindezi emoyeni ezivunguza phakathi 0,7 kanye nemigoqo emi-0,9. Amanye amanani okufanele engezwe kuwo kungcindezi yomoya umoya ozungezile osuvele unawo, okungukuthi, ibha engu-1. Ngale ndlela, ingcindezi yangempela ngaphakathi kwamakamelo omlilo izoba phakathi 1,7 kanye 1,9 imigoqo. Nakuba lawa manani angaba phezulu kakhulu izimoto ezisebenza kahle, ukufinyelela isibonelo kuze kube 6 bar pressure.
Muva nje asetshenziswa kabanzi low blow turbos, lapho kungafunwa ukwanda okukhulu kwamandla. Esikhundleni salokho, bazama ukuthuthukisa impendulo yebanga eliphakathi ukuze bathole ubudlelwano obuhle phakathi kokusebenza nokusetshenziswa. Kulezi zimo, ingcindezi yokushaywa iphakathi 0,2 kanye nemigoqo emi-0,5. Kulezi zimo, umgomo omkhulu uwuku ngcono ukusebenza kahle. Njengoba injini iphendula kangcono kuma-revs aphansi, kufanele inyuke kancane ukuze ithole okufana nokomkhathi. Okuvame wanezela ukuncishiswa ubukhulu injini ngisho ukuqeda ezinye amasilinda.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zimfanelo zenjini ene-turbocharged, kukhona izinhlobo ezisabheja ezinjinini zasemoyeni. Lokhu kuyindaba yemikhiqizo efana Toyota ngezinjini abazisebenzisayo kuma-hybrids abo, I-Subaru kwezinye izinjini zabo ibhokisi y I-Mazda ngezinjini zayo ezinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokucindezelwa. Kulokhu ekugcineni kufanele sengeze ama-motor ISkyactiv-X ukuthi lolu hlobo lwaseJapan lusanda kuthuthukiswa. Lokho kubonga kwesistimu yayo yokuthungela efana nedizili nezinye izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, ithembisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa nokusebenza okufana nodizili.
Izinhlobo zama-motors kagesi
Ukuhamba kukagesi kubhekene nokukhula okusheshayo emhlabeni jikelele. I ukuvela kwamabhethri nama-motor kagesi ibavumela ukuthi kancane kancane babe yizinketho ezinengqondo kubantu abaningi. Ngakho-ke, ngeke kusimangaze ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ngezinjini zikagesi kunezinjini ezivuthayo. Okungenani ezingeni eliphezulu lomsebenzisi ukwazi ukuthi ungathenga kanjani ngekhanda.
izinjini zikagesi zilula kakhulu kunezinjini ezivuthayo zempilo yonke. Izingxenye zayo eziyisisekelo ziyi-stator ne-rotor.. Izinto abahlala benazo, noma ngabe bangabaluphi uhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela zihlangene kakhulu futhi lokho kakade kudala ukunyakaza okujikelezayo (ngakho-ke akudingi i-crankshaft), gcina okuningi uhlelo lokudlulisela lwemoto evamile ngenjini yangaphakathi evuthayo.
Imvamisa kuthiwa baphusha kanzima ukusuka ku-0 rpm. Okusho ukuthi, kusukela ngomzuzu wokuqala sicindezela i-accelerator. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthiwa ziyakwazi ukuphusha ngamandla zifike ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu le-rev, ngakho-ke akumele zibe namagiya. Nokho, lokhu akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi njengoba Kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-motor kagesi anezici ezahlukene.. Zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu:
- unomphela uzibuthe synchronous
- Ukushintsha Ukungafuni Ukuvumelana
- Asynchronous noma induction
Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngabo, sincoma ukuthi ufunde isihloko esilandelayo lapho sichaza ngamunye ngamunye:
Izitimela ze-Hybrid powertrains
Njengoba ubona, lesi sigaba asibizwa ngokuthi izinjini ezixubile. Sisebenzisa igama elithi powertrain ngoba ayikho ngempela injini eyi-hybrid. Zikhona inhlanganisela yezinjini ezivuthayo nezikagesi, okwenza kube ne-hybrid powertrains.
Okufanele ukwazi kulolu hlobo lokuhamba ukuthi izinjini ezivuthayo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ziguqulelwe ngokukhethekile kulokhu kusetshenziswa. Isibonelo, izinjini ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-hybrids amanje yilezo ze Atkinson umjikelezo ukuze usebenze kahle. Amandla engeziwe anikezwa injini kagesi uma kudingeka anxephezela ukusebenza kwayo okuphansi.
I-Las izindlela zokuhlanganisa amandla omlilo kanye nezinjini zikagesi baningi kakhulu. Angakwazi uku-odwa ngokuhlukana kwe-axle ngayinye, ungafaka injini kagesi ekudluliseni futhi usebenzise ama-motor amaningi kagesi ezindaweni ezahlukene. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalolu hlobo lokuhamba, sincoma lesi sihloko esilandelayo:
Izithombe: James Harland, Jan Beckendorf, The NRMA, Urduñako udala, feschesheli
Lokhu kunolwazi oluhle kakhulu lokwazi ukuthi izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zinjani, ngenxa yaleli khasi ngingakwazi ukuqeda iphrojekthi yami ezinjinini.