Izinhlobo zokusabalalisa ezinjinini zamanje kanye nokusebenza kwazo

La ukusatshalaliswa kwenjini Yiwona ophethe ukugcina yonke into ihlelekile ukuze isebenze ngendlela. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-valve ayavuleka futhi avaleke ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze angenise umoya noma akhiphe amagesi akhipha umoya. Noma kunjalo, kunezinhlobo eziningi yokusabalalisa, kuye ngokuthi izingxenye zisakazwa kanjani nokuthi zisebenzisa luphi uhlelo ukunyakaza.

Kulesi sihloko sizochaza ukuthi ngayinye yazo injani, nakuba ezinye zingasasetshenziswa. Hhayi bonke izinhlobo zezinjini ziye zamelana novivinyo lwesikhathi, zidlulwa ngokusebenza kahle noma ukusebenza ngemiklamo emisha, ethuthuke kakhulu.

Injini Isikhathi Ukusebenza

Ngaphambi kokuqala, kufanelekile ukubuyekezwa ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kwenjini evuthayo enemivimbo emine, esetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla. Ithola leli gama ngoba umjikelezo wayo wakhiwe izigaba ezine:

• Ukungena: Injini ithatha umoya iwuxube nophethiloli. Kwenzeka lapho i- ipiston yehlisa futhi yenze indawo yomoya, ongeniswa amavalvu okungena avulekile.
• Ukucindezela: Injini icindezela ingxube yesibaseli somoya. Kwenzeka lapho i-piston iphakama futhi ama-valve evaliwe ukuze akhe igumbi elivaliwe.
• Ukwandisa: ingxube ibaswe ngu-a inhlansi kuphethiloli kanye negesi noma yi- high pressure diesel. Lokhu kubangela ukuqhuma noma ukwanda kwegesi, okuphusha ipiston phansi futhi.
• Escape: i-piston iphakama futhi ngenxa yokunyakaza okuyisiyingi kwe i-crankshaft futhi i izinduku zokuxhuma. Lokhu kuphusha amagesi e-exhaust aphume, ngamavalvu okukhipha umoya avuleka kulesi sigaba. Ngale ndlela, i- ikamelo lomlilo isilungele ukuqala umjikelezo futhi.

Njengoba ubonile ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zalo mjikelezo, amavalvu abelokhu evuleka futhi evala ukuze injini isebenze. Uma ukusabalalisa akuzange kuvumelanise lokhu kunyakaza kahle, umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu ubungabangelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma i-valve ibihlala ivuliwe lapho ipiston ifika phezulu, injini ibiyolimala kanzima ukuyilungisa. Kangangoba ezikhathini eziningi kushibhile ukuthenga injini entsha noma ukumane ushintshe izimoto.

Ngakho-ke, ukusatshalaliswa kufanele kuqondise ukunyakaza kwe- i-camshaft eyenza ama-valve asebenze, ngokuhamba kwe-crankshaft exhunywe kuma-pistons. Akukho okuzoshayisana ngaphakathi kusilinda futhi bazofeza umsebenzi wabo ngesikhathi esifanele. Sekushiwo lokho, kusasele ukudalula kuphelaIzinhlobo ezahlukene zokusabalalisa ezingahlanganiswa ngezindlela ezahlukene: kuye ngokuthi ama-valve nama-camshaft akuphi, kuye ngenani lama-camshaft, kuye ngokuthi ama-valve asebenza kanjani futhi kuye ngokuthi isici sokulawula esivumelanisa umhlangano.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ungazi kanjani ukuthi imoto inebhande lesikhathi noma iketango

Kuye ngendawo ye-camshaft nama-valve

Nakuba izinjini zanamuhla zivame ukuba nama-valve namakhamera endaweni eyodwa noma ngaphansi, kuye kwaba khona amasistimu ahlukahlukene kuwo wonke umlando wezimoto. Ake sibone ngayinye ngaphambi kokuchaza okusabalele kakhulu namuhla:

Injini ene-SV yokusabalalisa

Lezi zifinyezo zisho Ama-Side Valves, noma Ama-Side Valves ngeSpanishi. Iwuhlelo oludala kakhulu futhi olulula kunazo zonke ezintathu. Njengoba umsebenzi wokusabalalisa kuwukuxhumanisa i-camshaft ne-crankshaft, ikhetha ukuletha izingxenye zombili eduze ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, i-shaft nama-valve aku-block, eduze ne- ibhentshi okuyilapho kukhona i-crankshaft.

Lolu hlelo yangabe isasetshenziswa ngoba ama-valve abekwe eceleni kwesilinda awazange ashiye indawo enkulu yokushaywa kwepiston futhi adinga ama-valve amancane kanye/noma amakamelo amakhulu avuthayo.

I-OHV Distributed Engine

Isifinyezo salo sisho I-Valve engaphezulu, okuhunyushwa ngeSpanishi ngokuthi amaValves ku-Cylinder Head. Lolu hlelo lushiya i-camshaft ku- vimba, kodwa thatha ama-valve uwayise ku ikhanda lenjini. Ini ukuqhelelana kwazo zombili izakhi eyayimbozwe nge push izinduku futhi eyodwa amarokhethi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhamba ibanga okusalayo phakathi kwe-crankshaft ne-camshaft ivumela ukunyakaza kwakho ukuthi kudluliselwe kalula. Kwanele ukuthi izimpiko ezimbili zazo zombili izakhi zinengxenye yesithathu ehlanganisiwe noma ukuthi zixhumana ngeketango elifushane kakhulu. Lokhu kuholela ku- ukugcinwa okuphansi yalolu hlelo lokusabalalisa, olwalulinganiselwa njalo ku-200.000 km. Noma kunjalo, iyekile ukusetshenziswa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-90 ukunqotshwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ngohlobo olulandelayo lokusabalalisa.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ibhande lesikhathi: ukuphuka, ushintsho, amanani, iketango elingcono?

Injini enokusabalalisa kwe-OHC

Kusho ukuthini ama-akhronimi Ikhamera ephezulu nokuthi ine-camshaft nama-valve ekhanda lesilinda. Okusho ukuthi, manje izakhi ezihlukene yi-crankshaft kanye ne-camshaft, hhayi i-valve shaft. Lokhu kunciphisa inani lezinto zokusabalalisa, ngokuphathelene ne-OHV ngokushintshanisa ukubeka ibhande elide phakathi kwazo zombili izingxenye.

Lolu uhlobo lokusabalalisa olubekwe namuhla ngenxa yezizathu ezintathu:

• Njengoba ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-camshaft nama-valve kuqondile, kuvumela a ukuvala nokuvulwa kwama-valve ngokunemba okukhulu.
• I-Las izinguquko eziphezulu lapho engasebenza khona ama-mayores kulabo be-OHV ngenxa yokuthi alukho uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinduku olungawohloka ngokushesha okukhulu.
• Ayinayo inkinga yokukhishwa kwe-valve yezinjini ezinokusabalalisa kwe-SV. Ngakho-ke, akudingi amakamelo amakhulu ngokweqile ukuwafaka noma ama-valve amancane kakhulu.

Okubi kuphela ukuthi lezi motors ukuthi ukudluliswa ukunyakaza idinga iketango elide noma ibhande ngakho-ke kudinga ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe. Nakuba lokhu kuye kwancishiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamaketanga noma izintambo ezimelana kakhulu.

Ngokusho kwenani lama-camshafts

Isikhathi senjini singabuye sibekwe ngezigaba ngokuya ngenombolo yayo yama-camshaft. Njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, kukhona ama-valve okungenisa kanye nama-exhaust valves. Nokho, ukushayela kwayo kungaba sibonga i-camshaft eyodwa, kuzo zombili izinhlobo zama-valve, noma izihlahla ezimbili, ngayinye yohlobo ngalunye. Njengoba izinjini zanamuhla ziwuhlobo lwe-OHC, zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi I-Single OverHead Cam (SOHC) noma I-Double OverHead Cam (I-DOHC).

Kufanele futhi kukhunjulwe ukuthi kukhona motors nge kufika kuma-camshafts amane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi banjalo V noma W izinjini, ngakho-ke anamakhanda amasilinda amabili kanye nemigqa emibili yamasilinda anamavalve awo okungenisa nawokukhipha. Ukwenza isibonelo: injini ye-V8 ye- Ferrari 488 isebenza ngenxa yezihlahla ezine.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Iyini i-DOHC?

Ngokusho kwe-valve actuation

Izinhlobo zokusabalalisa nazo zingahlelwa ngokuya nge ukuthi ama-valve aqhutshwa kanjani yi-camshaft. Njengoba igama layo lisikisela, iyishaft egcwele amakhamera, angeyona into engaphezu kwama-protuberances aphusha ama-valve ukuze avule ipayipi. Nokho, lobu budlelwano busenomunye umlamuli:

• i-tappet: Ezinjinini ze-OHC, amakhamera acindezela i ompompi we-hydraulic ezixhunywe kuma-valve. Zisebenza ekunciphiseni ukuguga futhi, empeleni, ziyibhulokhi elilula lezinto ezibonakalayo ezimelana nokungqubuzana. Ezinjinini ze-OHV, njengoba i-camshaft ikude nama-valve, ama-tappets asekupheleni okuphansi kwama-pushrods. Ngakolunye uhlangothi ngokuvamile banezingalo ze-rocker ezigcina zifinyelele kuma-valve.
• I-Rocker: amakhamera ashukumisa izingalo ze-rocker zona eziphusha i-valve. Ezinjinini ze-OHC zisetshenziswa lapho i-camshaft ingekho ngokuqondile ngaphezu kwama-valve futhi ukudluliswa kwebanga elifushane lokunyakaza kuyadingeka. Kulezi zimo, kudingekile ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa injini ene-camshaft eyodwa, okufanele inakekele ama-valve okungena ohlangothini olulodwa nama-valve okukhiphayo ngakolunye.
  Bangaba amarokhethi ukutsheka u enyakazayo. Eyokuqala ine-eksisi phakathi nendawo futhi isebenza njenge-swing: ikhamera isebenzisa amandla okukhuphuka ohlangothini olulodwa ngakho-ke olunye uhlangothi lwehla futhi luphushe i-valve. Eyesibili ine-shaft ekugcineni futhi ikhamera ishaya isikhungo ukuze ingxenye engaxhunywanga ku-shaft yehlise futhi ivule i-valve.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Iqhaza Lamavalvu Enjini

Ngokusho kokulawulwa kokusabalalisa

Lapha sifika ekuhlukaniseni okwaziwayo kakhulu kwezinhlobo zokusabalalisa. Kuvamile ukuzwa ukuthi kukhulunywa kanjani ngokuthi injini inokusabalalisa ngebhande o ngeketanga. Esizokwengeza kukho okwesithathu, esedlule amasondo anamazinyo, futhi okwesine lokho ikhipha ngokuqondile nanoma yikuphi ukusatshalaliswa komshini.

ukusatshalaliswa kwebhande

I-camshaft ne-crankshaft zixhunywe ngebhande lesikhathi. Lokhu kuye kwaba ubuso obubili: a ngamazinyo ukubambelela kuma-sprocket anazo zombili izakhi ekugcineni nakwenye isicaba kulapho amavila aqina khona. Lawa ma-roller ayadingeka ukuze ibhande lilungiswe kahle kuma-sprockets nokuthi alikwazi ukushelela nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

• Inzuzo yayo ukuthi benza umsindo omncane ukuthi amaketango
• Ububi bayo ukuthi kufanele uzishintshe kaningi. Enye yokugcinwa okuphoqelekile kwemoto okungafanele ikhohlwe.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ibhande lesikhathi

ukusatshalaliswa kweketango

Iketango lokusabalalisa li iqine kakhulu kunebhande ngakho-ke akudingeki ukuthi kudingeke ukunakekelwa kuyo yonke impilo ewusizo yemoto. Kuphela ezimweni lapho imoto ifinyelela mileage ephakeme kakhulu kuyadingeka ukuyishintsha noma okungenani ukuyihlola.

Njengakunoma iyiphi enye into yemoto, ingabuye yonakale ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi noma amaphutha okukhiqiza. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yeluliwe noma iphukile, ukulimala kwenjini kungaba kubi kakhulu futhi kungadinga ukulungiswa okubizayo.

Ukusabalalisa ngamasondo anamazinyo

Lapho ibanga phakathi kwe-crankshaft ne-camshaft lilifushane, njengasezinjinini ze-OHV, akudingekile ukuba usebenzise iketango noma ibhande. Ngiyazi njefuthi ifaka elinye iphini elixhumanisa umnyakazo. Isistimu ejwayelekile kakhulu yezinjini ezindala.

Futhi kungenzeka ukuthola ezinye izinjini zesimanje abasebenzisa amasondo egiya. Njengoba ziwuhlobo lwe-OHC, ibanga phakathi kwe-shaft ne-crankshaft likhulu, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukufaka ama-sprockets amaningi. Kulezi zimo, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi uma inani lamasondo aphakathi lilingana, i-crankshaft pinion kanye ne-camshaft pinion izojikeleza ngendlela ehlukile. Yingakho ngokuvamile babe nama-sprockets amathathu.

Izinjini ngaphandle kwesikhathi mechanical

Ukusabalalisa akuyona into engaphezu kokuxhumanisa ukunyakaza kwezingxenye zenjini ukuze zihambe ngokuhlanganyela. Ngakho-ke baningi izingxenye ezihambayo okunomthwalo ngawo, ukulahlekelwa amandla nokusebenza kahle ohlelweni. Ukuxazulula lokhu, kukhona amabhrendi afana I-Koenigsegg, okushintsha i-camshaft ngobuchwepheshe obubizwa ngokuthi I-FreeValve. Kuyisistimu ye-elekthronikhi eyenza ama-valve asebenze ngesikhathi esifanele ngokwawo, ngakho-ke ayidingi i-camshaft, ibhande, iketanga noma i-sprocket.

Injini ene-FreeValve can vula futhi uvale ama-valve njengoba kudingeka ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngakho-ke ungakwazi ukubambezela noma uthuthukise ukuvulwa kwama-valve, ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle noma ukusebenza kahle, noma udlule amasilinda ukuze wonge uphethiloli. Ngamanye amazwi, okufanayo nezinye izinhlobo ezifana neBMW, Citroën, Ford, Mercedes, Peugeot, Renault noma Volkswagen, amasistimu wesikhathi se-valve aguquguqukayo, kodwa ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izingxenye zemishini eziyinkimbinkimbi. Noma ukuthi i-Audi noma iPorsche yenzani ngabo isistimu yokunqamula isilinda, futhi ngaphandle kokwengeza izingxenye ezengeziwe ezingase zibe nzima ukwethembeka kwayo.

Nokho, inesengezo esisodwa futhi. Angakwazi ngena ngokunembe ngendlela emangalisayo ukuvulwa nokuvalwa kwama-valve, ngokuya ngokusebenza kwangempela kwenjini, hhayi ngokuya ngokusebenza kwayo kwethiyori. Ngakho-ke, injini izosebenza ngokuphumelelayo nangempumelelo kuzo zonke izimo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Izimoto ezi-5 ezisheshayo emhlabeni

Amanye ama-brand adlale ngalo mbono abe Valeo, eyakha i-prototype yalolu hlobo lwenjini ndawonye i-lotus, noma Bhala phansi, uphawu lwamaShayina ukuthi wathuma lo msebenzi e-Koenigsegg. Ngisho Fiat yasondela kancane kulo mqondo ngezinjini zayo zeMultiair. Nakuba esimweni sakho kuphela kukhishwe i-camshaft eyodwa kuphela, eshiya omunye egijima ngentambo yempilo yonke.

Olunye uhlangothi lwemali yalolu hlobo lwenjini ngaphandle kokusabalalisa ngomshini yilokho ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kunobunzima obukhulu bezobuchwepheshe. Noma yikuphi ukwehluleka kuma-electronics okuxhumanisa ukuvulwa kwama-valve kungase kubangele iphutha eliphuka injini. Yingakho ambalwa kuphela ama-brand akwazile ukuthuthukisa izinjini ngalolu hlelo, nakuba ingxenye enkulu ibe njenge-prototype engazange ibonakale emgwaqweni.

Izithombe – Andy_Jensen, LC Nøttaasen, Pete, h080, Ivan Radic, Les Chatfield, Nick Ares