Uma kuziwa ekusebenzeni kwe-a injini enemivimbo emine, kuvame ukucaciswa uma uchaza eyakho umjikelezo wetiyori noma umjikelezo wayo ongokoqobo. Umehluko okufanele ucatshangelwe ngoba, ngenkathi eyokuthiyori iwukwenza lula ukuchaza ukusebenza kwayo, engokoqobo yengeza izici eziningi ezibonakalayo ezenzeka empeleni.
Uma sibeka i- ukusatshalaliswa kwenjini ngomjikelezo wetiyori, cishe awukwazanga ukusebenza. Endabeni yokwenza kanjalo, ngaphezu kokuba nobunzima bokuqalisa, ukusebenza kwayo kuzoba kubi kakhulu futhi ukuziphatha kwayo kungazinzi kakhulu.
Umjikelezo osebenzayo wenjini ye-4-stroke
Yingakho i umjikelezo ongokoqobo icabangela izici eziningana futhi ilungisa isikhathi lapho izingxenye zenjini zisebenza khona. Lezi zici ezihlukanisayo nazo umjikelezo wetiyori Angafingqwa kulawa maphuzu alandelayo:
- Ama-valve awavuleki futhi awavale ngokusheshakodwa bathatha isikhathi esithile
- Ukushiswa kwengxube akusheshi futhi, kodwa kuthatha ama-millisecond ambalwa ukuze ukusebenza kwenjini kwenzeke
- Amagesi ane-inetia, ngakho zithatha isikhathi ukuze ziqale ukunyakaza futhi ziqhubeke zinyakaza isikhathi esithile ngemva kokuthatha isinyathelo ngazo
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isikhathi lapho ama-valve evuleka futhi evala noma umzuzu wokusha akusona esikhonjiswe umjikelezo wethiyori. Sizobona kanjani empeleni ezigabeni ezahlukene injini ezine-stroke:
Isigaba sokwamukelwa ekusebenzeni
Ngokuphambene nomjikelezo wetiyori, ama-valve amavalvu okungenisa awavuleki uma ipiston iseTop Dead Center (TDC). Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ama-valve athatha isikhathi ukuvula, ngakho-ke ukuze avuleke ngokugcwele lapho i-piston iqala ukwehla, baqale bavule lapho iphiston lisaphakama. Uma lokhu kungenziwanga, akuwona wonke umoya ongangena esigabeni sokuthatha futhi injini izolahlekelwa amandla.
Ngemva kwalokho, i-piston yehlela ezansi ku-Bottom Dead Center (PMI), ngaleso sikhathi umjikelezo wethiyori uthi ama-valve okungena avaliwe, kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso ekusebenzeni. Abavali okwamanje ngoba umoya uthwala inertia futhi iyaqhubeka nokungena ngisho nalapho ipiston iqala ukuphakama.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho injini iphenduka ngokushintshashintsha okukhulu, umoya uthwala isivinini esikhulu kangangokuthi ungena ngobuningi lapho ipiston isivele ikhuphuka, kunangesikhathi ishona phansi iyoyimunca.
Isigaba sokucindezela ekusebenzeni
Ama-valve okudonsa ayavala ngesikhathi esifanele lapho kungangeni khona umoya (ngesikhathi esithile ekukhuphukeni kwepiston). Ukusuka lapho, isigaba sokucindezela esifanele siqala, futhi isibhamu silokhu sikhuphuka ukucindezela umoya.
Lesi yisikhathi lapho uyadlala umjovo ezinjinini zomjovo oqondile. Bafafaza uphethiloli kusilinda ukuze uhlangane nomoya. Yingakho ke, ukusuka lapha asisasho umoya, uma ungahlangani, eqhubeka nokucindezelwa i-piston.
Ezinjinini zomjovo ezingaqondile, umoya ongena ngokuthatha usuphethe uphethiloli, obukade ujovwe kuwo. ukudla okuningi.
Isigaba somlilo ekusebenzeni
Ukusha yengxube ikhiqizwa lapho isibhamu sisakhuphuka. Okusho ukuthi, ngaphambi kokuthi ikhuphukele e-Top Dead Center (TDC). Lokhu kunjalo, ngoba ingxube ithatha isikhathi ukuvutha ngakho-ke kuthatha isikhathi ukukhiqiza ukuqhuma okusebenziseka ngokugcwele. Uma ingxube ibaselwe ku-TDC, i-piston izovele yehle lapho amagesi anda. Ngakho-ke, ngeke zisetshenziswe kahle ukusunduza i-piston phansi.
Lokhu kubizwa ukuthungela phambili y, lapho injini iphenduka ngokushesha, yilapho kufanele ulindele ukusha hlanganisa. Uma kungenjalo, ukuqhuma bekuzofika kamuva futhi kamuva ukusunduza i-piston, okungabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kokusebenza kahle. Lokhu kusingathwa ngu uhlelo lomjovo we-elekthronikhi wezimoto zamanje. Ezindala zazinezinhlelo zokuthungela kusengaphambili ezisebenza nge-vacuum, ngamandla aphakathi nendawo.
Isigaba se-Escape ekusebenzeni
Ama-valve e-exhaust ayavuleka lapho i-piston lisashona phansi. Ikakhulukazi uma ukuqhuma sekusetshenziswe kahle futhi amandla e-kinetic ngeke esalahleka ngokuvula ama-valve. Ngakho, lapho i-piston idlula i-BDC futhi iqala ukuphakama, ama-valve avuliwe ngokugcwele ukukhipha amagesi e-exhaust.
I-Piston iyaqhubeka nokukhuphukela ku-TDC ukusunduza amagesi ngaphandle, kodwa futhi inertia yamagesi iyacatshangelwa. Yingakho ke, ama-valve wokukhipha azivaliwe ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa bahlala bevuliwe isikhashana ngenkathi ipiston yehla.
Nansi imininingwane ebalulekile okufanele iqashelwe: ngalesi sikhathi isigaba sokuqeda kanye nesigaba sokuthatha sihlala ndawonye. Uma ubheka isigaba sokuqala (I-Intake phase in practice), ukuvulwa kwama-valve okuphuza kulindeleke lapho i-piston isakhuphuka (Isigaba sokukhipha amandla ekusebenzeni). Ngakho-ke kukhona isikhashana lapho ama-valve okungenisa nawokukhipha evuleka ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhashana esibizwa ngokuthi. ukuwela i-valve.
Uma amagesi e-exhaust engaphumi ngamavalve okukhipha, kungenxa yokuthi athwala inertia ukuze aphume ngamavalve okukhipha umoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umoya noma ingxube engena isiza intuthu evuthayo ukuba iphume, ibambe indawo yayo.
Amadigri okuthuthuka komjikelezo osebenzayo
Njengoba ubona, umjikelezo osebenzayo ugcwele intuthuko ekuvuleni ama-valve noma ukuthungela. Ize ibe nokubambezeleka kokuvala ukusizakala ngomthambo wamagesi nge-inertia ukuze iqhubeke nokungena (noma ihambe).
bonke Lokhu kuthuthuka kukalwa futhi kulawulwa ngamadigri okujikeleza okwenziwa yi- i-crankshaft. Konke kuncike enjinini, kepha kukhona ibanga elijwayelekile lengxenye ngayinye yenjini. Lezi izi:
- El Ukungena Ukuvula I-Advance (AAA): ukuvulwa kwamavalvu okungenisa kuvame ukwenziwa phakathi kuka-10º no-25º ngaphambi kwe-PMS.
- El Ukubambezeleka Kokuvalwa Kokungena (RCA): bavala phakathi kuka-20º no-45º ngemva kwe-PMI, ukuze kungene wonke umoya oqhubeka udlula ku-inertia.
- El I-Exhaust Aperture Advance (AAE): okuyihaba kakhulu ukuvulwa kwangaphambili kwamavalvu okukhipha umoya avuleka phakathi kuka-30º no-60º ngaphambi kwe-PMI.
- El I-Exhaust Ukuvala Ukubambezeleka (RCE): bavala phakathi kuka-10º kanye no-20º ngemva kwe-PMS ukuze basebenzise inertia yabo yokukhipha futhi baqedele ukuphusha umoya noma ingxube yokudonsa.
- La umjovo wamafutha Kwenziwa phakathi kuka-7º kuya ku-26º ngaphambi kwe-TDC (ezinjini zokujova eziqondile). Okungeyona i-advance per se, kodwa siyisho ngoba ilinganiswa ngokusekelwe ekuthutheni kusengaphambili.
- El Ignition Advance (AE): Ngokunengqondo ukuthuthukiswa kokuthungela kuyinto ethile ngemva komjovo kaphethiloli. Kuphethiloli kumayelana nokuthuthukisa inhlansi ye ipulaki yenhlansi. Enye indlela yokufeza umphumela ofanayo ezinjinini zikadizili ukukhulisa isilinganiso sokucindezela. Njengoba uphethiloli wedizili ubaswa ukucindezela nokushisa kwegumbi elivuthayo, ukucindezela okwandayo kuthuthukisa ukuthungela kwengxube.
Umjikelezo osebenzayo ezinjini zokuthatha eziguquguqukayo
Izinjini zokuvala isikhathi eziguquguqukayo ziyi ekwazi ukuguqula kabanzi isikhathi sokuvula nokuvala ama-valve. Ngale ndlela bangakwazi ukuzivumelanisa kangcono nezidingo ezibekwa isivinini senjini kanye nezimo zomoya.
Uma injini izungeza ku-1.000 rpm ayidingi ukuvulwa kwevalvu yokudonsa efana naleyo e-6.000 rpm. Yingakho ke, lapho kuvuka amavukelambuso ingashintsha isikhathi senjini ukuze hlala uvule isikhathi eside.
Uzobona izindawo eziningi zichaza lokhu ngokuthi "igcina ama-valve evulekile isikhathi eside", nokho kulula ukungakuqondi lokhu. Injini ihamba ngesivinini esiphezulu kakhulu, ngakho isikhathi sokuvuleka kwamavalvu singaba sincane ngisho noma isikhathi sishintshiwe. Empeleni indlela enembe kakhudlwana yokuyiveza yileyo ama-valve ahlala evulekile amadigri engeziwe wokuzungezisa i-crankshaft. Okungafani nokuhlala uvuliwe isikhathi eside.
Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalolu hlobo lwama-motor, sincoma lesi sihloko Ukusabalalisa okuguquguqukayo: yini futhi uyini umsebenzi wayo.
Umjikelezo wetiyori wezinjini ezine-stroke
Ake sikhumbule kafushane ukuthi unjani umjikelezo wethiyori walezi zinjini, ukuze umehluko ngomjikelezo osebenzayo ucace. Masikhumbule ukuthi iwukuba lula kwethiyori okuzama ukuchaza ukusebenza kwenjini. Ngakho-ke ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa izinjongo ze-didactic ezibeka isisekelo, ukuze kamuva uqonde kahle umjikelezo osebenzayo. Izigaba zomjikelezo wetiyori ezifingqiwe yilezi:
- Ukungena: I-Piston iku-TDC, amavalvu avuliwe futhi i-piston yehlela ezansi ku-BDC
- Ukucindezela: ama-valve okungenisa avaliwe, i-piston ikhuphuka isuka ku-BDC iye ku-TDC ukuze icindezele umoya, uphethiloli ujovwa ngenqubo.
- Ukwandisa: uma ipiston iku-PMS, ingxube iqhunyiswa ngepulaki yenhlansi bese ukuqhuma kuphushela ipiston emuva ku-PMI.
- Escape: ama-valve e-exhaust avuliwe futhi i-piston ikhuphuka isuka ku-PMI iye ku-PMS ukuze ikhiphe amagesi okukhipha ngawo. Uma ifika phezulu, ama-valve ayavala.
Njengoba ubona, konke ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokubambezeleka kwama-valve nokuvutha kushiywe ngaphandle, ngakho-ke akuhlangene nalokho injini edinga ukusebenza ekusebenzeni.
Kulokho esikubonayo umehluko, kusezikhathini lapho ama-valve esistimu ahlukene.
Lezi zivinini zishintshwa yi- ingxube ye-carburized kanye nenani legesi elishisiwe, ngokuvamile aphansi kakhulu, okuthi emjikelezweni wethiyori kucatshangwe kuphela «izimo ezifanele» (into efana kakhulu ne I-physics isisekelo)
Kunalokho, lezi zivinini ngokulingana nesivinini sokujikeleza, into okuthi ngokuvela kobuchwepheshe kanye nasekufuneni ukuyizuza amandla aphezulu ngangokunokwenzeka isiphelelwe yisikhathi ngokuphelele.
Enye imininingwane okufanele siyicabangele ukuthi uma igesi ihamba ngesivinini esikhulu, ixhumana nezinhlobonhlobo ukumelana noma ukungqubuzana ekhiqiza ukunensa ngaphambi koshintsho lwesivinini, ekhiqiza a ukulahlekelwa kwengcindezi kanye nolunye uchungechunge lwezigigaba kumjikelezo wetiyori azinakwa.
Ngale ndlela, futhi kuye ngenani lengxube ye-carburized, uthola amandla enjini, ukukhiqiza a inani elikhulu legesi elimuncwa, mass reactionary more and umsebenzi omkhulu.
Sawubona, igama lami ngingu-David Arredondo, mangaki amadigri angaphambili azovula ivalvu ngaphambili?