Ngemuva kwalokho I-athikili yezinto zokubasa ezingavamile ezisetshenziselwa izimoto, manje kufika isikhathi sokunikeza isibuyekezo somlando ku- izinjini ezingavamile eyethulwe emakethe yezimoto, ezindala nezamanje. Iqiniso liwukuthi izwe lezimoto alizange liyeke ukumangala kusukela livele ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX.
Isenguqukweni eqhubekayo, futhi ngenkathi ukwakhiwa kwenjini akukashintshi kangako, phakathi neminyaka siyibonile ivela izikhathi ezimbalwa. imiklamo exotic ngempela futhi ongaziwa, njengalezi esizethula lapha...
injini ye-cylinder eyodwa
Yayibhekwa njengenjini yemoto yokuqala emlandweni. Idalwe nguCarl Benz waseJalimane ngo-1885 futhi yakhiwe ngabakwaBenz Patent-Motorwagen. Le njini yayine-cylinder eyodwa kuphela, yingakho igama layo. Bekuyimivimbo emine, njengoba zinjalo izimoto ezijwayelekile namuhla, futhi kwasuswa indawo ka-994 cc.
Ifakwe ngaphansi komshayeli nesihlalo somuntu ongaphakathi. Futhi cishe eminyakeni eyishumi, base bekhiqize amayunithi angama-25 ale moto eyathuthukiswa amandla aphakathi kuka-1.5 no-3 CV wamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekukhona nezinye izinguqulo ezinkulu zokufuduka, njengohlobo lwe-II, Uhlobo lwe-III, njll.
Eminyakeni edlule aphinde asetshenziswa. izinjini zesilinda esisodwa kwezinye izimoto ezincane nezisemadolobheni, ngisho nasezithuthuthuni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nazo zivame kakhulu ku-motorsport, njenge-F1, ngoba amamodeli angama-cylinder asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinjini ezizogcina zifakwe ku-single-seater.
Imoto V4
Impela uyayazi i-V6, V8, V12,... kodwa hhayi nge eya v4. Hhayi-ke, kufanele nazi ukuthi kunemoto esebenzisa injini eyi-V cylinder, kodwa ezine kuphela ezivame ukubekwa kulayini. Futhi iqiniso liwukuthi abakhiqizi abaningana babenesithakazelo kulo mklamo, njengoMors, owawusebenzisela imoto ye-Grand Prix.
Kamuva, amamodeli e-Italian Lancia ayezofika ezolanda iLambda yawo, futhi kamuva iFulvia, okungenye yezindlela zokugcina zokukhiqiza ukusebenzisa le njini. KwaFord baphinde bajoyina imoto iV4 neTaunus, kanjalo neSaab noma i-AMC. Uhlobo oluyisebenzisile muva nje yiPorsche, obengaqhuba i Amahora angu-24 we-Le Mans ne-Porsche 919 Hybrid nge-V4 2.0 ene-turbo nophethiloli.
W8 injini
Engine
Enye yezingavamile kwaba a W8 injini yethulwe inkampani yaseJalimane i-VW. Ngokukhethekile iVolkswagen Passat yakho. Izinjini ezimise okwe-W zivame ukuba namasilinda angu-12 noma angu-16, njengoba kwenzeka ngenjini ye-Bugatti, ehlanganisa izinjini ezimbili ze-V6 noma i-V8 ukuze zakhe eyodwa emise okuka-W. Nokho, lolu hlobo lwafaka isaluni engu-8-cylinder esaluni yayo, umphumela we- ukujoyina izinjini ezimbili ze-VR4.
Ngokuqondile kwakuyi-a I-W8 yezincwadi ezingu-4.0 zokufuduka ezingakha amandla angu-275 CV kanye ne-torque engu-370 Nm. Le moto izodayiswa ngo-2002, kodwa awekho amayunithi amaningi athengiswayo, futhi izoshintshwa ngokushesha izinjini ezijwayelekile, njenge-V6 noma i-VR6 enamandla afanayo, esebenza kahle, futhi ethembekile ngenxa yokungabi yinkimbinkimbi kwayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, akusona isikhathi kuphela lapho iVolkswagen Group idlala khona ngezinjini W-architecture, njengoba iphinde yethula i-6.0-litre W12 yeVolkswagen Phaeton, Touareg, Audio A8, kanye neyeBentley Continental GT, phakathi kwezinye.
I-V12 kanye ne-46 amalitha
Uma ngikutshela ngenjini engu-V12, uzocabanga ukuthi iyinto evamile... Futhi kunjalo, kodwa uma ngikutshela ukuthi iyi- 12 litre V46 displacement, noma 46000 cc, khona-ke yonke into iyashintsha. I-monstrosity evela ezimbonini ze-BMW ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX. Njengoba wazi, BMW futhi umkhiqizi izimoto aeronautical, futhi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, eJalimane kwakukhona izinjini eziningi zezindiza, ngakho kwakuhloselwe ukwenza racing izimoto nabo.
Imoto okukhulunywa ngayo wayebizwa ngokuthi u-brutus, isilo esinenjini engamamitha angu-1.8 ubude, ubude obungamamitha angu-1.1 futhi sinesisindo esingu-510 kg. I-BMW 12-litre V46 ekwazi ukukhiqiza amandla angu-500 hp futhi isebenzisa ilitha elilodwa ngekhilomitha, okuwumbudane...
Qalisa iThema 8.32
Inkampani yakwaLancia iphinde yethula indawo yokucwala izinwele ebizwa ngeThema. Inkampani yase-Italy imaketha phakathi kweminyaka yama-80s kanye nama-90s, ngezinjini ezijwayelekile. Nokho, kwakukhona imodeli ebizwa Qalisa iThema 8.32 okuhloselwe umphakathi odinga kakhulu, futhi unikezwe lokho obekufihlwe ngaphansi kwe-hood, akumangazi...
Kwakuyinjini I-8-litre V3.0 eyenziwe ngabakwaFerrari nokuthi ibikwazi ukuthuthukisa amandla angama-215 CV. Yayihloselwe iFerrari 308 GTB, endaweni yangemuva, kodwa yashintshwa ukuze ibekwe ngaphambili kuLancia. Imoto yomndeni wonke ene-thoroughbred ngaphansi kwe-hood. Ubani ongasho?
iVolkswagen v5
Futhi uma injini ye-V4 isivele ibonakala iyinqaba, noma i-W8, kanye nenye i-W yakwaVolkswage, nansi enye into engavamile evela eqenjini laseJalimane le-VW. Kumayelana a 5 litre V2.3 injini, empeleni esebenzise i-5-cylinder kusuka kulayini we-Audi, ekugcineni okuholele ekucushweni okuyingqayizivele okuvela ku-VR6.
AbakwaVolkswagen bathole inhloko yesilinda eyodwa, nobukhulu obuhlangene kakhulu, obufana nabenjini evamile emgqeni ongu-4. Kodwa-ke, i-V5 2.3 ikwazile ukuthuthukisa amandla angu-150 HP, ngezibuyekezo eziyilethe ku-170 HP. Futhi ibisetshenziselwa iGolf GTI, Bora kanye nePassat, kanye nokuyigibela ku-a Imodeli ye-SEAT Toledo.
Wankel Rotary
El injini ye-wankel rotary Sekuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba kwabaningi, kodwa kuseyivelakancane. Yize yasungulwa eminyakeni eminingi edlule, futhi yacishe yakhishwa inyumbazane, iMazda ingenye yezinhlobo ezike zayikhipha edroweni yaze yathela othulini kwezinye zezinhlobo zayo. Futhi wukuthi le nkampani yaseJapan iyisebenzise kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-60s, njengakuMazda Cosmo Sport 110S yayo.
Su ukulula ngenxa yokungabikho kwama-pistons namasilinda, usayizi wayo ohlangene, ukudlidliza okuphansi lapho uphendulela zonke izingxenye ohlangothini olulodwa (akusiyo enye injini), ngenxa yenani elincane lezingxenye, nokuthembeka kwayo, kuyenza ibe injini ekahle izimoto Nakuba i-drawback yayo enkulu ukusetshenziswa nokukhishwa kwegesi, nakuba intuthuko enkulu yenziwe namuhla.
Njengoba nazi, iMazda isebenzise injini eyasungulwa nguFelix Wankel ngeminyaka yawo-20 kumamodeli ayo e-RX-3, RX-7, RX-8, njll. Baze bayisebenzisa phakathi Amahora angama-24 eLemans ngo-1991, ezuza ukunqoba nge-Mazda 787B. Kungaba injini yokuqala ye-rotary ukufeza lokhu, empeleni bekungeyokuqala neyokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iye yasetshenziswa nezinye izinhlobo ezifana Suzuki, NSU, Norton, njll.
W16 injini
I-Los V16 Kwakuyizinjini ezivamile kwezinye izimoto zesikhathi esidlule, ezinikeza izibalo zokusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu, nakuba kancane kancane zashintshwa yi-V12 ne-V8, okwathi ngokususwa okufanayo kwazuza izibalo zamandla afanayo, kodwa yayishibhile futhi ihlangene. Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwe-V16 ezimotweni zasemgwaqeni kwakuyi-Cadillac Cizeta V16 T, i-BMW 767iL, i-Alfa Romeo Tipo 316 ne-Tipo 162, i-Auto Union, njll.
Nokho, iyini i-V16 uma iqhathaniswa nayo injini W16, okungukuthi, umphumela wokuhlanganisa ama-V8 amabili abe yinye. Lezi zinjini ezimbi kakhulu zahlanganiswa amamodeli afana ne-Cizeta Moroder, eyayine-W16 eno-gearbox ophambanayo, noma i-Cadillac Sixteen, futhi okwamanje i-Bugatti ye-Veyron ne-Chiron yayo, ene-8.0-litre displacement ejoyina izinjini ze-Volkswagen V8.
H16 injini
Amasilinda emugqeni, ngo-V, ngo-W,... kodwa izinhlamvu ezengeziwe zezinhlamvu nazo zisetshenzisiwe. Kuyindaba ye H16 injini. Yebo, njengoba uzwa, i-16-cylinder H16. Kuwuhlobo lokuhlangana phakathi kwezinjini ezimbili zamabhokisi, ngayinye ino-crankshaft yayo, kodwa yabelana nge-drive shaft. Ngakho, ubukhulu obuhlangene bungafinyelelwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-aerodynamics, nakuba ukusebenza bekungaphansi kwe-V16.
Yayisetshenziswa yi- I-BRM (British Racing Motors) yeFomula 1, eyaqhubeka yawina i-United States GP ngo-1966. Laba ababehlala abantu abangabodwa babeshayelwa abashayeli bodumo abafana noJackie Stewart noma uGraham Hill. Baze basetshenziselwa umcimbi we-Lotus 43/1 odumile womcimbi wango-2015 weGoodwood Festival of Speed, lapho uJim Clark azowina ngawo ngo-1966.
V-twin injini
Abathandi bezithuthuthu bayawazi lo mqondo I-V-Twin, okuyinjini eyi-V2, okungukuthi, i-V-twin. Isetshenziswe kakhulu emhlabeni wamasondo amabili, kanye nezinjini zesilinda esisodwa. Imikhiqizo efana ne-Harley-Davidson, i-Indian, i-Suzuki, i-Honda, i-Aprilia, i-Kawasaki, noma i-Yamahan isebenzise lezi zinjini.
Kodwa abuye asetshenziswa ezinye izimoto ngawo-20. Yebo, njengoba uzwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Mazda ayiyeki ukumangala ngokuhlelwa kwenjini yangaphandle. Inkampani yaseJapan izoyisebenzisela u-R360 wayo omncane wasedolobheni kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-60. Njengamanje kunemoto eyodwa kuphela yesimanje ene-V-Twin, futhi iyona. Morgan Threewheeler.
i-jet turbine
Nakuba kuyinjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, akuyona enye injini, kodwa a eyodwa ukusabela. Sikhuluma ngezinjini ezisetshenziselwa izindiza ezinamandla kakhulu, kodwa ezibuye zisetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zezimoto ezisheshayo, njengalezo baphule amarekhodi esivinini. Kodwa ngale kwalokho, kuthiwani uma ngikutshela ukuthi bake babonakala kwezinye izimoto zasemgwaqweni? Nakuba ngaphandle kwempumelelo enkulu...
Kunjalo, kunjalo I-Chrysler Turbine, eyakhiwe yi-Ghia phakathi kuka-1963 no-1964. Izibonelo ezingu-55 kuphela ezakhiwe, ama-prototypes angu-5 kanye nama-50 amakhasimende. Basebenzise izinjini zomoya ze-A-831 ezikwazi ukusebenzisa zonke izinhlobo zamafutha, njengophalafini, uphethiloli, udizili, uwoyela wamakinati, uwoyela kabhontshisi wesoya, i-tequila, ngisho namakha anotshwala... Le njini yakha amandla angaphezu kuka-130 HP i-turbine izungeziswe kubukhulu obungu-60.000 RPM.
I-FreeValve, ngaphandle kwe-camshaft
Umkhiqizi wezimoto ezinkulu zaseSweden u-Koenigsegg uphinde wasungula izinjini ezidonse ukunaka okukhulu. Lo mkhiqizi, ogqama ngemiklamo yakhe ekhethekile futhi ethuthukile, angakha injini ezokwenza kanjalo wabhapathizwa ngaphansi kwegama elithi FreeValve, nokuthi njengoba negama layo libonisa, yayingadingi i-camshaft noma ibhande lesikhathi.
Amavalvu acushwa ngawodwana ngenxa yama-actuator azimele alawulwa ngogesi. Ngale ndlela, amandla awasuswa enjinini ngenxa yebhande lesikhathi, futhi ukusebenza kahle kuyathuthukiswa. Nokho, eyokuqala ukusebenzisa lezi zinjini kwezohwebo kungaba amaShayina aseQoros.
8l injini
Kube khona izinjini ezidumile ze-V8, futhi namanje zisekhona, nakuba kancane kancane ama-hybrids kanye nogesi ezishintshayo, ngisho nasezimotweni ezinkulu. Nokho, akuvamile ukubona 8L amabhlogo enjini. Njengoba kwakunjalo ngokulungiselelwa kwe-H, lezi nazo ziyivelakancane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX. Okwamanje azisetshenziswa, kodwa zisengenye yezinjini okufanele zigqanyiswe kulolu hlu.
Umkhiqizi wokuqala owaba nesibindi ngale miklamo kwakunguDaimler, futhi kamuva wasetshenziswa yimikhiqizo efana ne I-Opel, i-Buick, ne-Bugatti. Baphinde bafinyelela emkhakheni wokuncintisana, njengase-Alfa Romeo naseDuesenberg. Kodwa-ke, enye yezimoto zokugcina ukukhweza lawa ma-8Ls kwakuyiMercedes-Benz 300 SLR lapho iStirling Moss yayizowina ngayo iMille Miglia ka-1955.