Kuyini ukuthungela kusengaphambili?

Izinjini zikaphethiloli zithungela ingxube ye-fuel-air ngenhlansi evela ku-spark plug. Umjikelezo wetiyori ukhombisa ukuthi isikhathi sokukhiqiza le nhlansi yilapho ipiston iphezulu. Okusho ukuthi, ngengxube ecindezelwe ngokugcwele. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akunjalo ekusebenzeni, ngoba uphethiloli awuvuthi ngokugcwele ngaso leso sikhathi. Yingakho kukhona into eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuthungela phambili.

Inkinga ye- umjikelezo wetiyori lokho kuchaza ukusebenza kwenjini, ukuthi ayikucabangeli okunye okucatshangwa yi-physics esinikeza yona. Isikhathi sokuthi kuthatha isikhathi ukuthi ingxube ishe izungeze i- Ama-millisecond angama-2. Isikhathi esingase sibonakale sisincane, kodwa lokho kuningi uma sicabangela isivinini izinto ezenzeka ngaso emhlabeni. amagumbi omlilo.

Isebenza kanjani

Ukukunikeza umbono ocacile wokuthi injini ihamba ngokushesha kangakanani, uma iphenduka ku-2.000 rpm, i-piston yehla yenyuka izikhathi ezingaba ngu-33 ngomzuzwana. Okusho ukuthi, ukuthi yakho i-crankshaft ithatha nxazonke Izinkulungwane ezingama-30 zesekhondi ukuze uqedele ukujika. Ngakho-ke, i-piston ithatha cishe izinkulungwane eziyi-15 ukuya phezulu noma phansi.

Uma lokho kuzwakala kushesha kuwe, cabanga ukuthi zincipha kangakanani izikhathi uma injini igijima ifike ku-4.000 rpm, 6.000 rpm noma ngisho nangaphezulu. Kuvidiyo elandelayo ungabona i- Ama-Camshafts yenjini ephenduka isuka kokungenzi lutho iye ku-14.000 rpm (umbuso ojwayelekile weFomula 1):

Ukwazi lokhu, i-2 thousandths edingekayo ukuze uphethiloli ushise akubonakali njengesikhathi esifushane. Ikakhulukazi uma ufuna ukusizakala ngomfutho onikezwa ukuqhuma ngakunye. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukuthungela kusengaphambili kuyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu, engeyona into engaphezu kokuqala ukushiswa kwe- mix lapho i ipiston isakhuphuka.

Ukushisa kuqhubekela phambili ngamadigri

Indlela okukalwa ngayo kusengaphambili ukuvutha kwenjini akuma-millisecond. Eqinisweni, ukulinganisa kahle Ikalwa ngamadigri okujikeleza okwenziwa i-crankshaft.. Sikukhumbuza ukuthi lapho i-piston yehla ngenxa yokuqhuma, i-crankshaft izungeza i-180º.

El isikhathi esifanele ngoba ingxube fuel-air ukuqeda evuthayo kuyinto phakathi kuka-17º kanye no-23º wokuzungezisa. Ngakho ukuze lokhu kuzuzwe ngesikhathi, kufanele thuthukisa ukuthungela ngamadigri ambalwa ngaphambi kokuthi ipiston ibe seTop Dead Center (TDC). Ngamanye amazwi, ngaphambi kokuthi i-crankshaft iku-0º yokuzungezisa.

Kodwa...nathi ngeke sikwazi ukweqa, ngoba uma sikwenza kusenesikhathi, ukuqhuma kuzophusha ipiston ngaphambi kokuthi kufinyelele ku-TDC futhi ngakho-ke kuzozama ukwenza injini ijike iye kolunye uhlangothi eya ngakulo. Lesi simo lapho intuthuko yokuthungela inkulu kakhulu (ngamadigri) yaziwa ngokuthi igayiwe kusuka izinduku zokuxhuma, eboniswa yileyo misindo yensimbi. Umphumela olimaza kakhulu obangela ukungalingani nokudlidliza okulimaza kakhulu izingxenye zangaphakathi. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, i-piston ingase igxumele phansi. Into engenakwenzeka ezinjinini ezinama-cylinder amaningi, ngenxa ye-inertia abayiphethe, kodwa ku-cylinder eyodwa noma amabili kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

ukuthungela kusengaphambili izinhlelo

Njengoba injini ingashintshi ngaso sonke isikhathi ngesivinini esifanayo, idinga okuthile isistimu eshintsha kusengaphambili ukuthungela njengoba kudingeka. Esikhathini esidlule, izakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi noma eziyinkimbinkimbi zazisetshenziselwa ukufeza lokhu ngomshini, nakuba namuhla yonke into ilawulwa yikhompyutha yemoto. Ikakhulukazi kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezindlela ezinesibopho sokwenza lokhu:

I-electronic ignition kusengaphambili

Siqala ngaye, ngoba izinjini zamanje basebenza ngenxa yezogesi futhi bashiye ngemuva imishini eminingi engasadingeki. Ophethe ukukhetha isikhathi sokuthungela yikhompyutha yemoto, ethola inqwaba yedatha ukuze iqagele ngokunembile: izinga lokushisa, inani lomoya, isivinini senjini sibonga inzwa ye-crankshaft, njll.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kwe-Engine Control Unit (ECU)

Vacuum ukuthungela kusengaphambili

Ku-a uhlelo oludala esetshenziselwa ukulungisa kusengaphambili ukuthungela ngokusekelwe enanini lomoya elitholwe injini. Umoya omncane owutholayo, kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthi ingxube ivuthe, ngakho-ke udinga ukuvusa kusenesikhathi ukuze uthole okuningi ekuqhumeni.

Isebenza ngokusebenzisa i-vacuum, noma ukuba nokucindezeleka okuqondile, okukhiqizwa ku- ukudla okuningi. Lokhu kucindezeleka kuyathinta ulwelwesi olukhulayo ngomehluko wengcindezi nhlangothi zombili. Lokhu kuhambisa isiphethu esishintsha ukulinganiswa kwenhlansi kusengaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile inamakhamera amabili, eyodwa ephethe kusengaphambili ukuthungela kanye neyokubambezeleka uma kunesidingo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ukuzithungela, ukuqhunyiswa nokungqongqoza kwenduku yokuxhuma

I-Centrifugal ignition kusengaphambili

Lolu hlelo kuphela ilungisa kusengaphambili ukuthungela ngokuvumelana nama-revolutions ezinenjini ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uma i-rpm ikhula, kufanele ulindele nakakhulu ukuthungela kwama-spark plug, ukuze uphethiloli uqede ukuvutha ngesikhathi esifanele.

Kuyasebenza sibonga izisindo ezimbili ze-centrifugal noma iplatinamu. Lapho i-elementi ezikuyo izungeziswa ngokushesha, kulapho ziphuma khona kakhulu. Indawo yayo inquma ukuthi ukuthungela kuqhubeka kude kangakanani kumsabalalisi.

Imiphumela yokubambezeleka kokushisa

Uma ingxube ye-fuel-air ivutha ngemuva kwesikhathi, kuzosetshenziswa amandla amancane e-kinetic ukuvuvukala kwegesi. Ukuze uqonde lokhu, ukuqhathanisa kungenziwa ngebhayisikili: uma sisebenzisa amandla kuphela lapho i-pedal isivele ikude kakhulu phansi, ngeke sithole umfutho. Kodwa-ke, uma siphusha i-pedal lapho iphakeme, sizothola isivinini esikhulu kakhulu.

Nokho, lokhu akuwona kuphela umphumela wokuthungela ukubambezeleka. Njengoba ukuqhuma kusalokhu kunjalo nakuba singakusebenzisi kahle, ukushisa okukhiqizwayo kudluliselwa ngezinga elikhulu ezindongeni ze-cylinder. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuthola amandla amancane e-kinetic kusukela ekuqhumeni kusho ukudlulisa amandla okushisa amaningi. Lokho kunjiniyela kubizwa ngokuthi a encane ukusebenza okushisayo.

Futhi, uma ukubambezeleka kokushisa kuvezwa kakhulu, kungase kube khona amalangabi lapho evuleka amagagasi i-exhaust, ethumela ukushisa okwengeziwe lapho kungafanele kube khona. Okuthile okungalimaza kakhulu injini.

amaphutha nezinkinga

• Ezinjinini zamanje lapho ugesi unqoba khona, ukwehluleka ngaphambi kokuthungela kuvame ukubangelwa a ukungasebenzi kahle kwenzwa lokho kubika kukhompuyutha. Ukuthi iyona ebala ukuphenduka kwe-crankshaft, noma ezinye ezikala amanani ahlobene nomoya, izinga lokushisa, njll. Kungase futhi kube ngenxa a ukuhlela okubi we ibhodi lokushintsha uma kwenzeka lokho amanani ashintshiwe kwendwangu.
• Uma sikhuluma ngakho izinjini ezindala, izinkinga zingabangelwa ukwehluleka noma ukulungiswa okungalungile kwezakhi zemishini i-del Isistimu yokuthungela. Isibonelo, i ukusethwa okungalungile kwentuthuko ehleliwe ukuthi umthengisi anakho. Okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba noma iyiphi i-vacuum noma i-centrifugal ignition isistimu isebenze. I-advance elungisiwe iyona egcina injini isebenza ngokungenzi lutho, ukuze ilungiswe kamuva njengoba kudingeka. Ekuthuthukisweni kokuvutha kwe-elekthronikhi, kungaba uhlelo olubi lwentuthuko ehleliwe.
• Izinkinga ze-breaker cam. Okusho ukuthi, ikhamera eyenza othintana naye ukuthumela okwamanje ku- amapulaki yonakele, ayilungiswanga kahle noma inomumo ongalungile. Isikwele sezinjini ezine-cylinder, i-hexagonal kweziyisithupha, i-octagonal eyisishiyagalombili, i-dodecagonal engu-12, njll. Njengoba ungase ucabange, esimweni sokugcina ukungalingani kwenjini kuzodlula inkinga ngentuthuko yokushisa. Futhi, noma ngabe ikhamera ilungile futhi ilinganiswe kahle, kungenzeka kube khona ukuguqulwa ebangeni elihlukanisa abathintwayo bephula.
• La string o ibhande eligcina isistimu yokuthungela ixhumene nayo yonke injini weluliwe. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa akuvumelanisiwe futhi injini isebenza ngendlela engavamile.
• Ezinhlelweni ze i-vacuum ignition kusengaphambili Ngiyazi ukungalungi kahle i-pneumatic advance element ye- ulwelwesi. Le elementi yenziwe ngerabha, ngakho ingagcina yonakaliswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Ezinhlelweni ze i-centrifugal ignition kusengaphambili, ukuthi izixuku ezimbili esikuchazile ngenhla ningahambi ngokukhululeka ngakho-ke ungaphenduli kahle ngesivinini sokujikeleza. Ngakho-ke kufanele uqhubekele ekulungiseni iplatinamu.

kusengaphambili ukuthungela nophethiloli

Okunye okungajwayelekile ukuthi uphethiloli osetshenzisiwe uthinta ukuthi ukuthungela kungathuthukiswa kangakanani (futhi uthole amandla engeziwe). 98 amafutha i-octane banokuthambekela okuncane ekushiseni, ngakho-ke, ngenkathi ingxube icindezelekile lapho i-piston iphakama, ivame ukuziqhumisa ngokwayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa okuphezulu kokushisa kungasetshenziswa, ngaphandle kokuthi uphethiloli uqhume ngaphambi kwe-Top Dead Center (TDC).

Vele futhi ngokungananazi, i-E85 inesilinganiso se-octane 105, okuzovumela isilinganiso sokucindezela ukuba senyuke ezinjinini ezizayo, kodwa ngizokuchaza lokhu ngolunye usuku. Nakuba lokho kuzomele kudlule ekwamukelweni okubanzi kwalo mafutha emakethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amafutha nge 97 y 100 i-octane, esikhundleni se-octane yendabuko engu-95 no-98. Ngokungase kuzuzwe okukhulu ukuthungela kusengaphambili noma ezinye izinzuzo, ezifana a isilinganiso esiphezulu sokucindezela.

Izithombe – Kevin Rheese, Robert Couse-Baker, Emilio Küffer, Eduardo Otubo