ESpain sinakho Izinhlobo eziyi-15 zamalayisense okushayela, nakuba ezinye zazo ziwumphumela wokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezimbili ezihlukene futhi okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukwazi, eyodwa yazo imane nje iyize ensimini yethu. Kwabaningi kudingekile ukuphumelela ukuhlolwa kwethiyori kanye nokusebenza, kodwa hhayi kuzo zonke, futhi uma ufuna ukuzilolonga njengochwepheshe, kunezimo lapho kudingekile khona ukuthatha iCAP noma Isitifiketi Sokufaneleka Komsebenzi.
Kusuka ku-moped encane icishe ifike ku-50 km/h emabhasini amakhulu noma emalolini ezokuthutha izimpahla. Lapha sichaza kabanzi ukuthi yini ongayishayela ngelayisensi ngayinye, izici zezimoto nokuthi kufanele ube neminyaka emingaki ukuze uthole ilayisensi ngayinye yokushayela.
Izinhlobo zamalayisensi okushayela ngezithuthuthu
AM
El AM ilayisense yokushayela Isigaba esiphansi kakhulu ohlwini lwalabo abavunyelwe eSpain. Ama-mopeds anamasondo amabili noma amathathu kuphela nama-quad alula angashayelwa ngawo ngokusemthethweni. I ubuncane beminyaka ukukwazi ukuyifinyelela iminyaka 15.
- Un i-moped Yimoto encane enamasondo amabili noma amathathu, enenjini okungafanele idlule 50cc ukususwa futhi nge isivinini esiphezulu de I-45 Km / h ngokwakhiwa. Okusho ukuthi, akunqunyelwe kamuva, kodwa kufanele kube njalo kusuka efektri.
- Un i-quadricycle iyimoto enamasondo amane enesisindo esingenalutho ngezansi I-350 Kg. Amandla ayo aphezulu kufanele abe ngu-4 kW, noma yini efanayo I-5,36 CV. Njenge-moped, akufanele ikwazi ukudlula km 45 / h ngokwakhiwa futhi akukho ngaphezu I-50 cc uma inenjini yangaphakathi evuthayo.
A1
El ilayisense yokushayela A1 ikuvumela ukuthi ushayele izithuthuthu nge 125cc ukufuduka okuphezulu. Ngeminyaka emithathu yesikhundla esiphezulu ku-B permit (imoto) uyithola ngokuzenzakalelayo. Yabo amandla amakhulu akumele idlule ku-11 kW (I-14 CV) futhi kufanele ube ne isilinganiso samandla nesisindo esingu-0,1 kW/kg. Ngamanye amazwi, isithuthuthu akufanele sehle ngaphansi kwe-110 kg uma sinamandla amakhulu avunyelwe kulesi sigaba.
Ngale mvume ungakwazi futhi ukushayela a motor trike kabani amandla amakhulu angeqi ku-15 kW (I-20 CV). le ubuncane beminyaka okulungisiwe ukuze ukwazi ukuthola le mvume kungokwakho iminyaka 16.
A2
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ilayisense yokushayela A2 ikuvumela ukuthi ushayele izithuthuthu nge amandla amakhulu amandla angu-35 kW (I-47 CVkanye neyodwa 0,2 kW/kg isilinganiso esiphezulu samandla nesisindo. Ngamanye amazwi, isisindo sayo esincane uma inama-hp angu-47 singu-175 kg. I ubuncane beminyaka ukuthola le mvume iminyaka 18.
Hay izithuthuthu ezinamandla kakhulu ezingashayelwa ngelayisensi ye-A2 ngoba bangakwazi zilinganiselwe ukuze zikhiqize kuphela i-47 hp. Uma kunjalo, ibhayisikili elilinganiselwe ayikwazi ukuba namandla angaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ngaphambi kokufaka umkhawulo. Ngamanye amazwi, ngale mvume isithuthuthu esinama-CV angaphezu kwama-94 asikwazi ukusetshenziswa, nakuba singalinganiselwe kuma-CV angu-47.
A
Nge ilayisense yokushayela A singakwazi ukushayela izithuthuthu kanye motor trikes akukho mkhawulo kumandla noma isilinganiso samandla nesisindo. the ubuncane beminyaka ukuyithola kuvela iminyaka 20 kodwa okokuqala kufanele ube nemvume ye-A2 enesikhathi sakudala seminyaka emi-2.
Umkhawulo okumele ubhekwe uma unemvume yalolu hlobo wukuthi kumele ube nayo iminyaka 21 ukuze ukwazi ukushayela amathreyi emoto amandla ayo amakhulu angaphezu kuka-15 kW (I-20 CV).
Izinhlobo zamalayisensi okushayela ezimoto
B1
La Ukuqondiswa okujwayelekile kwethrafikhi ibhekisela kule mvume ngale ndlela: «Isigaba B1 siyisigaba ozikhethela sona esishiyelwa esinqumweni seZwe ngalinye eliyilungu [le-European Union] futhi, nakuba singazange sifakwe phakathi kwezigaba ezingatholakala endaweni yaso , njengoba kunjalo eSpain, isibopho sokuyihlanganisa elayisensini yokushayela eyimodeli [i-carnet] ekhishwe yilowo nalowo kubo sinqunywe isivumelwano esivamile yiwo wonke Amazwe Angamalungu.
Ngisho, imvume ye-B1 ayisebenzi eSpain, kodwa kufanele ivele ngemuva kwelayisensi yokushayela. Kwamanye amazwe e-European Union uma isetshenziswa futhi igunyaza labo abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-16 ubudala ukuze ukwazi ukushayela ama-quadricycle noma ama-quad isivinini sayo esiphezulu singeqi km 60 / h.
B
El ilayisense yokushayela B igunyaza ukushayela kwalezi zimoto ezilandelayo: I-Automóviles obuningi bayo obugunyaziwe bungeqi 3.500 kg eklanyelwe futhi yakhelwe ukuthutha abagibeli abangeqile kwabayisishiyagalombili ngaphandle komshayeli, amabhayisikili amathathu y i-cuatriciclos imoto. Ilayisensi yokushayela B inwetshiwe muva nje nethuba lokuphatha izimoto ezifika ku-4.250 kg, inqobo nje uma zinikwa amandla ahlukile (ugesi, igesi ye-CNG noma igesi ye-LPG).
Ukuhlawula
Imoto ingase ihlanganiswe ne ukudonsa obuningi bayo obugunyaziwe bungeqi 750 kg. Uma ufuna ukudonsa kusinda udinga imvume ye-B+E ozoyithola ngezansi.
Ama-tricycle
Amabhayisikili amathathu angashayelwa nge ilayisense yokushayela B kumele kuvunywe njenge i-trike elula. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kufanele ibe nebhuleki yokupaka, ububanzi bethrekhi obuncane futhi ihlangabezane nochungechunge lwezidingo ohlelweni lokukhanyisa. Abaningi babo bane-a ibukeka ifana kakhulu nesithuthuthu, kodwa ababhalisiwe kanjalo.
Ama-Quadricycles
Nge ilayisense yokushayela B ezaziwayo nazo zingashayelwa izimoto ezincane, izimoto ezigunyazwe njenge i-quadricycle elula noma evamile kanye nalezo ezigunyazwe njenge-ATV (imoto ehamba yonke indawo) noma i-quad. Njengoba kuchazwe i-DGT, i-Quad "imoto enamasondo amane noma ngaphezulu angenawo umsebenzi womzimba, uhlelo lwawo lokuqondisa luyisibambo futhi lufakwe isihlalo lapho umshayeli ehlezi ebheke khona". Imvume ye-B iphinde ikuvumela ukuthi ushayele izimoto ezifakwe njenge-Quad.
- Un i-quadricycle elula Inamandla amakhulu angu-4 kW (I-5,36 CV) kanye nesisindo esiphezulu se 350 kg. Akumele ikwazi ukweqa isivinini esiphezulu esingu-45 km/h ngokuklama futhi uma inenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, ukugudluzwa kwayo angeke kube ngaphezu kuka-50 cc. Ikona okufanayo uhlobo lwemoto evumela ukushayela ilayisense ye-AM.
- Un i-quadricycle evamile ingafinyelela ku-15 kW (I-20 CV) bese ukala kuze kufike 400 kg noma 550 kg uma ihloselwe izimpahla zokuthutha. Isivinini esikhulu lapho lolu hlobo lwe-quadricycle lungajikeleza khona I-70 Km / h, futhi uma udonsa a ukudonsa de km 63 / h.
B+E
Nge ilayisense yokushayela B+E Ungakwazi ukushayela imoto edonsayo yohlobo olugunyazwe ukushayela ngelayisensi B nge i-trailer noma i-semitrailer obuningi bayo obugunyaziwe obukhulu angeqi ku-3.500 kg. Ubuncane beminyaka yokuyithola iyafana neyemvume engu-B, iminyaka eyi-18.
Njengoba ubona, imvume ye-C+E igunyaza kuphela ukuthwala i-trailer enkulu. Kodwa-ke, isekhona indlela yokuthatha imoto ene-trailer enkulu nakakhulu. Bheka imvume ye-C1+E, ngoba akuyona nje eyokudonsa amaloli ngama-trailer.
Izinhlobo zamalayisensi okushayela amaloli
C1
El ilayisense yokushayela C1 inikeza ukufinyelela ezimotweni ezinesisindo esiphezulu esigunyaziwe esingaphezu kuka-3.500 kg futhi ungadluli ku-7.500 kg. Ahlukile kulabo abagunyazwe ukushayela ngelayisensi ye amakilasi D1 noma D ngoba lezi ikakhulukazi egxile ekuthuthweni kwempahla hhayi abagibeli. Yize kunjalo, lezi zimoto kungenzeka zihloselwe ukuthutha abantu abafika kwabayi-9 kuhlanganisa nomshayeli. I ubuncane beminyaka ukuyithola kuvela iminyaka 18.
C
El ilayisense yokushayela C iyafana ne-C1 ngaphandle kokuthi ikuvumela ukuthi ushayele amaloli ngaphandle komkhawulo wesisindo we-7.500 kg. Ubuncane beminyaka yokuyithola nayo inkulu kuno-C1 njengoba kufanele ube nayo iminyaka 21. Kusukela ngomhlaka-1 Julayi 2019, uma inhlangano enentshisekelo ithatha i-CAP, ingathola imvume engu-C eneminyaka engu-18.
C1+E
El ilayisense yokushayela C1+E Inomqondo ofanayo nowe-B+E futhi ingatholakala kusukela eminyakeni yobudala. Ivumela izinto ezimbili:
- Ukushayela imoto yalabo abavunyelwe ukungena imvume C1, nge i-trailer noma i-semitrailer obuningi bayo obugunyaziwe obukhulu ngaphezu kwama-750kg. Isisindo esiphezulu esigunyaziwe se- Conjunto akumele idlule 12.000 kg.
- Ukushayela imoto yalabo abavunyelwe ukungena imvume B, nge i-trailer noma i-semitrailer obuningi bayo obugunyaziwe obukhulu ngaphezu kwama-3.500kg, inqobo nje uma ubukhulu besisindo esigunyaziwe se- Conjunto ungadluli 12.000 kg.
C+E
Imvume ye-C+E inikeza ukufinyelela kweyodwa yezimoto ezidonsayo ezigunyazwe ukushayela imvume C nge i-trailer noma i-semi-trailer obuningi bayo obugunyaziwe bungakhawulelwe. the ubuncane beminyaka ukuyithola kuzoba iminyaka 21. Kusukela ngomhlaka-1 Julayi 2019, uma umuntu onentshisekelo ethatha i-CAP, angathola imvume ye-C+E eneminyaka engu-18.
Izinhlobo zamalayisense okushayela amabhasi
D1
I-Los Amalayisense okushayela e-D1 kanye no-D zihluke ku-C1 no-C ngokuthi zingeze izimoto zokuthutha abantu esikhundleni sempahla. Ngalesi sizathu, imikhawulo yayo igxile kulo mqondo: i-D1 ikuvumela ukuthi uphathe izimoto ezakhelwe ukuthuthwa abagibeli abangafika kwabayi-16 kanye nomshayeli futhi ubude bayo obukhulu bungeqi amamitha ayisishiyagalombili. the ubuncane beminyaka ukuyithola kuvela iminyaka 21. Kusukela ngomhlaka-1 Julayi 2019, uma othintekayo ethatha i-CAP, angathola imvume ye-D1 eneminyaka engu-18.
D
El ilayisense yokushayela D Igunyaza ukushayela izimoto ezakhelwe ukuthutha ezedlula ezingu-16 lapho imvume ye-D1 inqunyelwe khona. Umkhawulo uzobekwa yisibalo esiphezulu sabantu abavunyelwe ukuhlangana kwezimoto nezinye izimiso. I ubuncane beminyaka ukuyithola kuvela iminyaka 24. Nakuba uma umuntu onentshisekelo ethatha i-CAP, uzokwazi ukuthola imvume ka-D eneminyaka eyi-18.
I-D1+E
El ilayisense yokushayela D1+E Igunyaza ukushayela imoto ekuvumela ukuthi ushayele imvume D1 nge ukudonsa obuningi bayo obugunyaziwe obukhulu ngaphezu kuka-750kg. the ubuncane beminyaka ukuyithola kuvela iminyaka 21. Kusukela ngomhlaka-1 Julayi 2019, uma inhlangano enentshisekelo ithola i-CAP, ingathola imvume ye-D1+E lapho ineminyaka engu-18.
I-D+E
El ilayisense yokushayela D+E izimvume zokushayela imoto egunyazwe ukushayela imvume D nge ukudonsa obuningi bayo obugunyaziwe obukhulu ngaphezu kuka-750kg. the ubuncane beminyaka ukuyithola kuvela iminyaka 24. Kusukela ngomhlaka-1 Julayi 2019, uma othintekayo ethatha i-CAP, angathola imvume ye-D+E eneminyaka engu-18.
CAP
Ukuze ukwazi sebenza njengomshayeli oqeqeshiwe kwanoma yiziphi izimoto ezidinga izincwadi zokushayela C1, C1+E, C, C +E, D1, D1 +E, D noma D+E, kufanele kutholakale Isitifiketi Sekhono Lobungcweti noma i-CAP. Lokhu kungenxa yezidingo ze-Royal Decree 1032/2007, kaJulayi 20, elawula iziqu zokuqala nokuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo okumele kutholwe abashayeli bezimoto ezithile ezihloselwe ukuthutha abantu noma izimpahla ngomgwaqo.
Kwenzekeni nge-BTP?
La ukunyamalala kwelayisensi yokushayela ye-BTP Kungenxa yokuthi ukuqaliswa kweLayisense Yokushayela YaseYurophu Eyodwa, okuyinto evamile kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu e-European Union. Lokhu kuguqulwa kufakwe ku- I-Royal Decree 1055/2015 yangoNovemba 20, eshintsha Imithetho Ejwayelekile Yabashayeli.
Kwakudingeka ukwazi ukushayela izimoto ezibalulekile, njengama-ambulensi, izimoto ezisebenzayo Ezokuthutha esikoleni kanye nezimoto ze ezokuthutha zomphakathinjengamatekisi. Le mvume ibingakuvumeli ukushayela izimoto ezinkulu njengamabhasi esikole. Kuvunyelwe kuphela ukushayela izimoto ezine-a isisindo esiphezulu se-tare esingu-3.500 kg futhi nabagibeli abangafika kwabayi-8 ngaphandle komshayeli. Ukuze ngikwazi ukushayela izimoto ezinkulu, kwakudingeka ngihambe kuhlanganiswe nezimvume ezifana ne-D1 noma i-D.
Iyini imvume ye-B96? Imvume ayifuni...
I-B96 akusiyo ilayisense yokushayela, iyigunya lapho izimoto ezinelayisensi engu-B zingashayelwa khona, kodwa ama-trailer anesisindo esingaphezu kuka-750 kg. Umkhawulo wukuthi i Isamba semoto nenqola asikwazi ukweqa ama-4.250 kg. Ngamanye amazwi, isandiso semvume engu-B egxile kubantu abadinga ukuthwala ama-trailer amakhulu kunokuvamile. Ubuncane beminyaka yokuthola lesi sigunyazo yiminyaka eyi-18 futhi kuyadingeka ukuphumelela ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokuqondisa kanye nokunye kokujikeleza ngethrafikhi yangempela.
La umehluko ngelayisensi ye-B+E uhlala e Isamba sengqikithi yomhlangano ekuvumela ukuthi ushayele. Ngenkathi kwi-B96 ilinganiselwe ku-4.250 kg, ku-B+E ifinyelela ku-7.000 kg. Zibuye zihluke ngo ukuhlolwa, njengoba esimweni se-B+E kudingeka ukuhlolwa okuphelele:
- Ku-B96, izivivinyo zokuhlola zihlanganisa ukupaka ngokuhambisana ne-trailer ehlanganiswe (Maneuver I) kanye nokunyakaza okudingekayo ukuze umbhangqwana futhi uhlukanise i-trailer (Maneuver M).
- Ekhadini le-B+E, ngaphezu kwe Maneuver M, kuyadingeka UManeuver G kanye no-N. Esokuqala isivivinyo sesekhethi evaliwe lapho kufanele wenze ikhophi yasenqolobaneni, okokuqala ngomugqa oqondile bese uzungeza ijika, ngaphandle kokushiya umzila omakiwe. Eyesibili indlela yokupaka ephephile ukuze kulayishwe futhi kuthululwe. Kumvume ye-B+E, i-Maneuver I ayidingeki.