Inganekwane Yohlelo Lwe-Hydroinjection noma Iqiniso?

UMLANDO OMFUSHANE WENJINI YAMANZI.
Ibhalwe ngu-Ares Van Jaag

1970.-ARTURO RUFINO ESTEVEZ VARELA

Naphezu kwezivivinyo eziningi azenza kulo lonke elaseSpain ngaphambi kwamahholo agcwele phama, u-Estévez akakwazanga ukunqoba ukungabaza kososayensi nochwepheshe. Bambalwa abaluqonda kahle lolu daba abangavuma ukuthi injini esebenzisa amanzi, okwafakwa kuyo umkhiqizo ongadalulwanga, ingasebenza njengophethiloli futhi ikwazi ukukhiqiza amandla anele okuthutha imoto.

Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi injini yaqalwa emibukisweni eminingi eyayibanjelwe ukukhombisa ukuba nokwenzeka kokusungulwa. Umdali wayo, owazalelwa eValle de la Serena ngo-1914, wazuza udumo futhi wathandwa phakathi kwabantu abavamile. Abaningi babecabanga ukuthi injini yamanzi yayinokwenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe, kodwa indawo yokwamukela uwoyela enamandla ivimbele ukukhula kwayo.

Ngemva kwenkathi yomsebenzi omkhulu nezethulo kulo lonke elaseSpain nokuvela njalo emaphephandabeni, u-Arturo Estévez wanyamalala endaweni yomphakathi futhi akukho okuzwile ngaye futhi, ngoba akekho osebuyile ukuzobhekana nodaba olwalubekwe obala. isikhathi eside.

Ukusuka eValle de la Serena, idolobha lakubo, wathuthela eMadrid ukuze kamuva azinze eSeville nomkakhe nezingane ezinhlanu. U-Arturo Estévez wafunda ubuchwepheshe bezohwebo, wayeyinhloko yeshabhu yemishini kanye nomphathi wefekthri, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi. Kodwa okwamkhanga ngempela kwakuwukusungulwa, azinikela kukho ngokuphelele iminyaka embalwa.

Uhlu lwakhe lwamalungelo obunikazi lwaqala ngo-1931 futhi lwaluzokhula lufinyelele cishe ekhulwini ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Emiqhudelwaneni yamazwe ngamazwe ehlelelwe ukukhangisa ngezinto ezisunguliwe, u-Arturo Estevez ukwazile ukuthola izindondo ezimbili zesiliva. Enye 'eyomhlanzi wamagesi angcolisayo' futhi enye 'eyohlelo lwayo lokutakula indiza engujekamanzi uma kwenzeka ibhidlika', ngokusobala, i-NASA yayinentshisekelo yayo.

Kodwa indalo yakhe yenkanyezi, eyayizomlethela udumo, 'kwakuyinjini yamanzi', nakuba, kude nokumcebisa, yayihlanganisa izindleko ezinkulu, ngaleso sikhathi, wayelinganisela ezigidini ezingu-9 zama-pesetas. Umqondo wakhe wokuhambisa injini esekelwe emanzini ahambayo wawubhekwa njengento engenangqondo ngoba kwakungenakwenzeka.

Umdali wayo, nokho, wayezofakazela ukuphumelela kokuqamba kwakhe ngokuphindaphindiwe. Eqinisweni, njengoba ephikelela ekuchazeni, kwakungeyona injini yamanzi, kodwa i-generator ye-hydrogen evela emanzini eyanikezwa kanye ne-reagent okwakhiwa kwayo u-Estevez akuzange kuvezwe.

Ngokusho kwakhe, ngamalitha amanzi amabili nengxenye kanye nekhilo le "umkhiqizo oyimfihlo" wakhe ama-cubic metres we-hydrogen atholakala. Okusho ukuthi, ama-calories amaningi njengalawo akhiqizwa amalitha ayisishiyagalolunye kaphethiloli we-96-octane. Kepha i-hydrogen yami ibiza ngaphansi kwama-peseta ayishumi”, kusho u-Arturo Estévez engxoxweni etholwe kuze kube manje engakashicilelwa.

Ngala mafutha, umsunguli wazungeza ngesithuthuthu, lapho ithangi likaphethiloli lathathelwa indawo yi-generator, ekuhlolweni okwenziwa amahora amabili ePlaza de España eSeville. Abantu abaningi babona ukuthi "lokho kwadonsa."

Imithetho engenakulinganiswa ye-mechanics kanye ne-thermodynamics lapho onjiniyela baphendukela khona yahlakaza imibono ka-Estévez Varela, nakuba kwakungafanele ingaziwa kuye njengoba wayenesihloko sochwepheshe bezimboni. Kochwepheshe abaphakeme, iphrojekthi yenjini yamanzi yayingenakwenzeka ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, okungenani njengoba yayicatshangwa ngaleso sikhathi.

Emadodeni esayensi, ubuhlakani bendoda yase-Extremadura kwakuwubuqili obumsulwa, omunye wemizamo engapheli yokufeza ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo noma ukuthola itshe lesazi sefilosofi. Nokho, phakathi kwabantu kubonakale njengento engase iqede ukuncika emafutheni atholakala ku-petroleum. Ngaphakathi kokungabaza kwaqeda ithemba lokuthi injini yamanzi izoba ngokoqobo.

Imibukiso eyimpumelelo ayenza ezweni lonke yenza u-Arturo Estévez waba indoda edumile eyanaka kakhulu abezindaba. Indoda yase-Extremadura imenywe izikhathi eziningana ohlelweni olwethulwa ku-TVE nguRafael Escamilla, umhlaziyi wezimoto owaziwayo. Abezindaba bashicilele izingxoxo ezivamile nomsunguli kanye nolwazi mayelana nokusungulwa kwakhe, kanti umsakazo, naphezu kokuthi ngaleso sikhathi wawungakaze ubhekane nezindaba zamanje, wawunikela isikhathi esithile kulokhu okusha.

Futhi ukubuyiswa kobuchwepheshe "benjini yamanzi" ye-Extremaduran Arturo Estévez Varela kuyaphumelela, owabonisa esidlangalaleni ukuthi eminye imizila yezimoto ngaphandle kwaleyo yama-hydrocarbon anezinguquko ezilula kodwa eziphumelelayo nezongayo ezimotweni zethu zezimoto ziyasebenza.

Imikhondo yokubuyisela intuthuko yakhe yobuchwepheshe ezimotweni ingatholakala esitatimendeni sakhe esisesidlangalaleni nezingashicilelwe, esisanda kuzithola kwabezindaba.

Masibuyisele i-mosaic eyigugu yefa lakhe.

Okokuqala, masikhumbule ukuthi "Inhloso yayo yokuqala kwakuwukwakha injini entsha ... "kodwa ngaqonda ukuthi kuzoba ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho kuwo wonke umuntu, ngakho-ke ngincamela ukutadisha isisombululo sezinjini ezivamile, kokubili ukuqhuma kanye nangaphakathi. ukuvutha."

Ngalokhu, kusukela kulesi sisekelo, ukusungula kwakhe kugxile ekutholeni uphethiloli osuselwe ezintweni ezitholakala kalula kuwo wonke amaqembu, izinto ezivamile nezansuku zonke, futhi ezishibhile.

Ubuhlakani bakhe kanye nentando yakhe enhle kusibonise ukuthi kwakungenzeka ukuthola into evame kakhulu emhlabeni wethu, amanzi, indlela yokufeza imboni yezimoto eyongayo, eqhubekayo futhi enempilo.

Kula manzi, "ingxenye" ​​yengezwe esebenza ngendlela ayichaza ngokuthi "i-catalyst", noma njengokuguqula ezinye zezingxenye zamanzi zibe "uphethiloli"; futhi nakuba kukhona labo abacabanga ukuthi leyo ngxenye eshiwo ingaba amatshe amancane e-carbide, ayesetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwegesi ye-acetylene ezimayini njengophethiloli ezibanini zokukhanyisa, abanye abezindaba baye bazama ukusho i-bromine, kodwa sikhethe ukuqhubeka namathrekhi athile.

Izingxenye ezimbili zamanzi yilezi:
IHydrojeni Ekabili + I-Oxygen Elula = H2O

(Ngibeka iphuzu lapha ukuze ngikhumbule ukuthi, ngisho nento engenabungozi futhi evamile njengamanzi, inkulumo-ze ehlambalazayo yenziwe futhi ukuvinjelwa kwayo kwakhuthazwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi sinamandla kangakanani. Bheka ku-intanethi -i-hydrogen oxide-)

Iqiniso liwukuthi zombili izingxenye zamanzi zingasetshenziswa njengengxenye yamafutha. Ngiyalokotha ngiveze ukuthi iphutha lalabo abagxile ocwaningweni lwabo ekutholeni intuthuko ka-Arturo Estévez (Okugcina kube...iNyuvesi yaseMinnesota kanye ne-Weizmann Institute of Science, phakathi kwabanye...) ukugxila kuphela futhi ngokukhethekileyo Ekutholeni i-hydrogen njengophethiloli embonini yezimoto.

Kepha uma silandela umkhondo esitatimendeni sika-Arturo Estévez sithola okuhlukile…

Izitatimende ezingakashicilelwa futhi ezisanda kushicilelwa zembula kakhulu lapho ungqondongqondo wasitshela khona ukuthi "ngamalitha amabili nengxenye amanzi kanye nekhilo elilodwa "lomkhiqizo wakhe oyimfihlo" "ama-cubic metres amathathu" e-hydrogen. Okusho ukuthi, ama-calories amaningi njengalawo akhiqizwa amalitha ayisishiyagalolunye kaphethiloli we-96-octane. "Kodwa i-hydrogen yami ibiza ngaphansi kwama-peseta ayishumi" kusho u-Arturo Estévez engxoxweni etholwe kungobo yomlando ebingakashicilelwa kuze kube manje.

Usikhomba ekuphenduleni kwamanzi nge "catalyst" okuthi, ngaphezu kokuphinda kabili izinga le-hydrogen engxubeni (okuvela kuyo ukuthi "i-catalyst" iqukethe i-hydrogen), izokhiqiza inani elikhulu lamakholori.

Ukusabela okunjalo, okukhiqizwa yisici esisabela emanzini, esisetshenziswa nsuku zonke futhi sisakazeke phakathi kwezakhamuzi, futhi equkethe i-hydrogen, kufanele kube "i-caustic soda". Ukuze kusabelane namanzi, i-elementi kufanele iqukathe ngokuyisisekelo eyodwa yama-reagents amabili akhethekile atholakala ezintweni ezimbili ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke; i-sodium noma i-calcium.

Ukwengeza, ngaleyo ntengo yeminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa, uhlu lwezakhi zamakhemikhali zokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke esingazisebenzisa lunqunyelwe ngokwengeziwe.

Sinezinto ezintathu ezilingana nephrofayili echaziwe:
I-Lime (i-Calcium Hydroxide), i-Caustic Soda (i-Sodium Hydroxide) ne-bicarbonate (i-Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate).
Isoda enamanzi ikhiqiza inani elikhulu lokushisa ngenxa yokusabela "kwe-exothermic" okungakhiqiza amakholori angu-74,81178 akhiqizwa ukushiswa kwamalitha angu-9 kaphethiloli.

“Ngemuva kokukhwabanisa nokuqhuma okuthile, injini yaqala ukuphakama. Umsunguli wabeka ikhala lakhe eduze kwepayipi lokukhipha umoya futhi wahogela igesi eyaphuma ukuze ibabaze isixuku esimangele: umoya-mpilo!

Lapha usinikeza umkhondo obalulekile. Emanzini kwenezelwa ingxenye ethi "catalyst" eyayizohlukanisa umoya-mpilo ne-hydrogen emanzini. Uma lokho okuphuma epayipini le-exhaust kuwumoya-mpilo, kunengqondo futhi ukucabanga ukuthi ingxenye yalowo moya-mpilo yayingase ihlukaniswe emanzini futhi ikhiqize ukushiswa okwakhiqiza ukunyakaza kwemoto ephathwayo.

Uma sengeza amanzi (H2O), i-caustic soda ne-bicarbonate, ukusabela okulandelayo kwenzeka:
NaOH + H2O + NaHCO4 =è2 Na-1 + (CO4) – + O (gas) + H3O1 + OH
(I-Soda) + (Amanzi) + (i-Bicarbonate) = (i-Sodium ions) + (i-Carbonate ions) + (I-Oxygen esimweni segesi) + Amanzi ane-ionized
(Qaphela lokhu kukhohlisa okuvame ukuqhuma ezandleni ezingenalwazi...)
I-oksijeni ikhiqizwa esimweni segesi !!! Isinyathelo esilandelayo kungaba ukulungisa izimoto zethu ukuze zisebenze nengxube ewumphumela.

1978.- PAT GOODMAN

Amasistimu wokujova nge-hydroinjection awamusha; izinguqulo zokuqala zihlehlela emuva ku-1920. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, amamodeli ezindiza amaningana aphendukela ku-hydroinjection ukuze andise amandla ezinjini zabo, kuyilapho efaka isandla ekupholiseni kwazo; izibonelo ezaziwa kakhulu kwakuyi-US Air Force P-51 Mustang, kanye ne-German Focke-Wulf FW190.

Kamuva, isistimu yasetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezinjinini ezine-turbocharged, ikakhulukazi ukusizakala kwamandla okupholisa amanzi, kuze kube yilapho imboni incike ekusetshenzisweni kwesishintshi sokushisa, noma eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi irediyetha. Ezimotweni zomjaho, i-hydro-injection ivame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganisa amanzi ne-methanol ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwenjini.

Ngokuyisisekelo, uhlelo lwe-hydroinjection lufafaza inani elincane kakhulu lamanzi ekamelweni elivuthayo. Uma kuxutshwe nophethiloli, amazinga okushisa aphezulu abangela ukuhlukana kwama-molecule amanzi, okufaka isandla ekwandiseni inombolo ye-octane yengxube futhi inikeze injini amandla amaningi. Khona-ke, ukuqhuma, njengoba kusebenza kahle kakhulu, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa futhi kukhiphe amagesi angcolisayo amancane.

Omunye wezingqalabutho ekufakweni kwe-hydroinjection kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwemoto nguPat Goodman waseNyakatho Melika, okwathi ngo-1978 wayeshayela imoto yohlobo lweFord Fiesta ayenayo, wafaka kuyo i-hydroinjection prototype athi uzonciphisa ngayo. ukusetshenziswa okungafika kumaphesenti angama-50.

Naphezu kwemizamo kaGoodman, ukusungula kwakhe akuzange kuphumelele. I-United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), indikimba elawula futhi elawula ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nomthelela wabo kwezemvelo, yaphetha ngokukhipha umbiko wayo ngokusungulwa kukaPat Goodman: “Isiphetho esivamile salo mbiko ukuthi uhlelo olwakhiwe UGoodman akanawo umthelela obalulekile mayelana nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa. Kodwa-ke, ukuncipha okuncane kokukhishwa kwe-nitrous oxide (…) kuphakamisa intuthuko ethembisayo yezinhlelo zokujova amanzi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi akukho ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli okuphawuliwe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho uPat Goodman nokusungulwa kwakhe kwase kuqala ukushabalala, unjiniyela wase-Argentina wawuthakasela umqondo wokwakha idivayisi yomjovo we-hydro eyayingase isetshenziselwe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemoto. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, u-Jorge Fioramonti uye wazinikela ekufezekiseni uhlelo, esizwa inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe yama-microprocessors, okwamanje avumela ukulawulwa okunembile kwemithamo yamanzi okufanele angene ekamelweni lokushisa.

Izinkulungwane zezimoto bezilokhu zizungeza emigwaqweni yaseRoque Pérez (eBuenos Aires, e-Argentina) iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, izinjini ezisebenzisa uhlelo lwe-hydroinjection ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa, ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi angcolisayo. Umqambi wayo, unjiniyela u-Jorge Fioramonti, uyaziqhenya ngomsebenzi wakhe kanye nemiphumela etholiwe.

Etholakala edolobheni laseBuenos Aires eRoque Pérez, inkampani yakhe i-Hidroinyección Fioramonti ifake uhlelo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimoto, kusukela ezithuthuthu kuya emalolini amakhulu namabhasi; Eziningi zazo sezineminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili zizungeza emigwaqweni yalelo dolobha. Kuwebhusayithi yayo, iFioramonti ithi lolu hlelo, olulungele zombili izinjini zikaphethiloli, udizili kanye ne-CNG-powered, lukhiqiza ukwehla kukaphethiloli cishe ngo-10 kuya ku-25% kanye nokwenyuka kwamandla enjini cishe ngamaphesenti ayishumi.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngaphandle kobufakazi obethulwe nguFioramonti ngokwakhe kuwebhusayithi yakhe, asitholanga noma yimuphi umbiko wenkampani yangaphandle onquma ukusebenza kwangempela kwesistimu. Sakwazi kuphela ukuthola ukuthi i-Army yase-Argentina yenza uchungechunge lwamasheke phakathi no-2006 ukuhlola ukusebenza kwe-hydroinjection ezimotweni zayo zempi, ngaphandle kokubika esidlangalaleni imiphumela yokugcina yokuhlolwa.

1982.- DANIEL DINGEL

Umuntu wasePhilippines useneminyaka engama-39 esebenza ngobuchwepheshe benjini yamanzi. Igama lakhe uDaniel Dingel, wafundela ubunjiniyela bemishini ngokubhalelana futhi wazuza ulwazi ngokuqeqeshwa kwakhe. Ekuqaleni kwawo-80, wamemezela ukuthi wakha imoto esebenzisa amanzi. Bavela kwamanye amazwe bezobona ukwakhiwa kwakhe futhi ngemva konyaka othile wamemezela ukuthi kwakuwukukhwabanisa. UDaniel wacela ukuba iziphathimandla zasePhilippines zihlole ukusungula kwakhe futhi zenze imibukiso eminingi eyayikusekela.

Imoto yamanzi kaDaniel Dingel yayiyi-protagonist yamaphephandaba amaningi angaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1985 uDaniel washayela imoto yakhe esuka eMetro Manila eya eLaguna, ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-167, inamalitha angu-15 amanzi nengxenye kaphethiloli. Ohambweni oluya e-US uthole ithuba lokwenza omunye umbukiso, kulokhu wahamba esuka eDetroit waya eFlorida ephethe amalitha angu-60 amanzi kanye namalitha angu-2 kaphethiloli.

Kungani usebenzise uphethiloli? Injini eyaklanywa uDaniel yayidla uphethiloli ukuze iqale injini futhi igcine izinga lokushisa elincane elisebenza ngayo, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke imoto yayisisetshenziswa ngamanzi kuphela. Uhlelo olusetshenzisiwe lwaluyi-biological dissociation, amanzi adlula kuma-reactors angu-2 futhi ngosizo lwamabhaktheriya ahlukaniswa abe yi-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo. Lapho amagesi ama-2 esetholakele, ashiswa injini. Kwakuyinjini yomlilo.

UDaniel ubene-inthanethi iminyaka. Wakha iqembu elidumile le-Yahoo elibizwa ngokuthi "Watercar" ngoJulayi 2002 elinabasebenzisi ababhalisiwe abangaphezu kuka-14.000. UDaniel uphinde wethula eyakhe iwebhusayithi lapho ungafunda khona nge-biography yakhe, amaphrojekthi futhi ubambe iqhaza ezinkundleni zakhe.

1990.- STAN MEYER

Esolwa ngokwephula eminye imithetho ye-physics njengomthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics, uStanley Meyer ukwazile ukudala, ngemva kweminyaka engu-30 yokuhlola, umshini ongaphakathi kwenjini evuthayo owakhiqiza i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo emanzini ngogesi, esebenzisa indlela endala kaMichael Faraday ebizwa ngokuthi i-electrolysis. kwamanzi.

Umnikelo oyinhloko kaMeyer kwakuwukusebenzisa isitimela se-pulses nge-frequency ethile esikhundleni samanje ngqo, njengoba wayebonile ukuthi inqubo ye-electrolysis yagcinwa isikhathi esithile ngemva kokunqamula isekethe, ngaleyo ndlela yonga amandla aphindwe kabili. kwakukhona ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwegesi ngenxa yengxenye ye-resonance, futhi ingxenye yesakhiwo se-capacitive yeseli yayo ye-electrolytic, efana ne-electronic capacitor enkulu.

UMeyer uphinde wathi washintsha ama-spark plug wafaka ama-injection ukuze afafaze inkungu yamanzi eyisilinda. Igesi ephuma kuma-fuel cell, ngemva kokuhlukanisa amanzi abe umoya-mpilo ne-hydrogen, ihlangana nenkungu yamanzi futhi iphinde ishiswe ngaphakathi enjinini, okuholela ekwandiseni umhwamuko wamanzi ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla aphelele.

Ukusungulwa kuka-Stan Meyer kwenziwa kwaziwa futhi iphupho lakhe, i-utopia yakhe, isaphila ngamaphrojekthi athile aseqalile. Lona bekuwumsebenzi ngisho nePentagon eyayinentshisekelo kuwo.

UMeyer wakwenza ngaphandle kokuba usosayensi noma usokhemisi, futhi wayengenazo iziqu zasekolishi. Kodwa-ke, udale inqola ekwazi ukusebenza endaweni engenalutho ye-H2O, nakuba kungaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi injini yashisa noma iyiphi ingxenye kaphethiloli. Nakuba sazi ukuthi wayenesithakazelo ekuvikeleni imvelo ekungcolisweni yizinto ezimbiwa phansi.

Esebenzisa i-electrolysis, hhayi amathangi e-hydrogen, amanzi nje, wahlanganisa amakhilomitha angu-100 ngegalani elilodwa. Unelungelo lobunikazi bokusungula kwakhe ngo-1998 futhi ngenxa yalokho wathathwa njengomsunguli wesibili ongcono kakhulu wekhulu leminyaka. Wazalelwa edolobheni laseGrove City, e-Ohio. Futhi okudabukisayo ngathi sonke esihlushwa ukwehla nokwenyuka okuguquguqukayo kwentengo kaphethiloli, ngo-March 21, 98, watholwa eshonile endaweni yokupaka izimoto edolobheni lakubo. Umbiko wokuhlolwa kwesidumbu ovela esiFundazweni saseFranklin, e-Ohio, uphethe ngokuthi uMeyer ubulawe yi- brain aneurysm , kodwa abacwaningi bozungu bayaphikelela ngokuthi wadliswa ushevu ukuze acindezele lobu buchwepheshe, nokuthi izinkampani zikawoyela kanye nohulumeni wase-United States baba nesandla ekufeni kwakhe.

Kodwa akukhona konke lokhu: abathandi bomfokazi bavimbele umhlaba ekwabelaneni nalokhu okusunguliwe ngokweba inqola yakhe nayo yonke imishini yakhe yokuhlola, ngokusho komfowabo, uSteve Meyer.

UStan uthe esaphila wayesatshiswa izikhathi eziningi. Wenqaba ukudayisela abanikazi bama-Arabhu bezinkampani zikawoyela, ababezozama ukuvikela izithakazelo zabo.

UMeyer wayenamalungelo obunikazi ekusungulweni kwakhe futhi wayeselungele ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bemoto entsha. Amadola angamakhulu ayishumi nanhlanu ayenele, emuva ngaleso sikhathi, ukuhlomisa imoto ukuba ihambe emanzini.

Uphinde wathi um-Arab umnikeze isigidi samadola ngemfihlo yakhe, uStan athi, "Cha, lobu buchwepheshe bungowabantu." Kodwa okuxakayo ukuthi ngo-1996, umsunguli wamangalelwa ngabatshalizimali ababili ayebadayisele izivumelwano, okwamnika ilungelo lokwenza ibhizinisi ngobuchwepheshe bakhe bamanzi aphehla uphethiloli.

USteve Meyer, umfowabo, umba kulokho akutholile ukuze abone ukuthi angakwazi yini ukuhlanganisa izingcezu ezibalulekile, kodwa uhlala enokhiye ophansi, unokhiye ophansi ukuze agcine ubumfihlo bakhe nomndeni wakhe...

1998.- UPAUL PANTONE

Ngo-1998, u-Paul Pantone, unjiniyela waseMelika oneminyaka engama-48, wagunyaza umthetho oxakile obizwa nge-'GEET multifuel processor' (Global Environmental Energy Technology). Bekuyinjini okuthiwa yenza ngcono ukusebenza kukaphethiloli futhi yehlisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi angcolisayo ngo-90%.

Ngokusho kwencazelo ye-Pantone, ukusungulwa kwakhe kwakwazi ukuguqula ukulahlekelwa ukushisa kube amandla omshini ngokusebenzisa inqubo elula, eyavumela ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi njengophethiloli owengeziwe (kungakho injini yamanzi). Eqinisweni, kwakungeyona into yokuqala eyasungulwa ngalo mqondo: ngo-February 25, 1975, umsunguli ongumFulentshi uJean Chambrin wagunyaza injini efana kakhulu.

Nokho, akekho kubo owaphumelela. UJean Chambrin uvele wanyamalala empilweni yomphakathi. Indaba yePantone, eyinqaba nakakhulu uma kungenzeka, iye yaphindaphindeka imibono yozungu.

UPaul Pantone wenza injini yakhe ngokuzimela ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kokusekelwa ngokwezimali, futhi eqiniseka ngokusebenziseka kwayo, wenza lezi zinhlelo zisesidlangalaleni ku-inthanethi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ubufakazi obuqinisekisa ukuthi, ngempela, injini iyasebenza, yanda. Ngaphezu kwakho konke eFrance, izwe lakubo laseChambrin, lapho ethole khona udumo olukhulu.

Nokho, akubona bonke abacace kangaka. Naphezu kwemiboniso eminingi yokuzifundisa abantu abaningi abashintsha umshini wabo wokusika utshani, alukho ucwaningo olujulile lwesayensi olusekela umbono kaPantone. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithole ukugxekwa okungathi sína: kulabo abaphika ukuthi kungenzeka, njengoba ingawunaki umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics, kulabo abawuchitha njengento engenamsebenzi, ngoba, empeleni, ayiqedi ukungcola, kodwa kunalokho iguqule ibe uketshezi. . .

Ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi njengesithasiselo sikaphethiloli, kubonakala sengathi iqhinga elilula kakhulu ukuba libe yiqiniso: kuthiwa lidla kancane ngezindleko zokukhipha amandla enjini; isebenza kahle njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, isheshisa ngokushelela noma ukungaphoqi injini lapho iphumule; futhi akukho lutho oluthatha indawo kawoyela njengowoyela oyinhloko.

Abanye bayavuma ukuthi inkolelo-mbono kaPantone iyasebenza ngokwengxenye, nakuba intuthuko yayo ingekho. Ngokwesibonelo, abakwaBMW baphenya imodeli eyihybrid esekelwe esimisweni esifanayo, esingonga uphethiloli ofika ku-80%. Kodwa, izindaba ezimbi: iTurboSteamer, njengoba isibhapathiziwe, ngeke ize ithengiswe iminyaka eyi-10.

E-France, nokho, inkampani i-HYPNOW imaketha uhlelo oluphefumulelwe injini ye-GEET Pantone ngaphansi kwegama lezentengiselwano RETROKIT © njengesesekeli sezolimo, izimboni, imisebenzi yomphakathi, imishini yasolwandle kanye nemifula, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokwenza izinguquko ezinkulu enjinini. .

Ukusebenza kulula kakhulu. Ngokuyisisekelo, umoya we-ambient udonselwa kubhayela ukwenza umoya omanzi ngokuwudlulisa emanzini. Le aerosol iguqulwa i-endothermic reactor ibe igesi yokuhlanganisa ehlangana nomoya ophuma kusihlungi somoya ngokusebenzisa isisetshenziswa esikhipha umoya ukuya entanjeni yenjini, ngaphambi kwe-turbo, uma ikhona, okuholela ekushiseni. ukusetshenziswa okuthuthukisiwe nokunciphayo. I-exhaust gases, ngokwe-theory cleaner, yiwo anikeza amandla adingekayo okuguqulwa ngaphakathi kwe-reactor.

Abalimi baseFrance abayifaka kogandaganda babo bathi bathola ukonga okungafika ku-50% ekusetshenzisweni kukadizili.

Kodwa indaba yePantone ayigcini lapha. Ngo-2002 watholwa enecala lokukhwabanisa. Kwakungowokuqala ochungechungeni lwamacala adidayo: isibonelo, inkampani i-Better World Technologies, ekhethekile ekuthengisweni kwezixazululo zamandla amangalisayo futhi okunedumela elibi lesayensi, yaqala ukumaketha injini ye-Pantone, ithi ithole ilungelo lobunikazi, ngokwedlulele ukuthi. I-Pantone ihlale iphika. .

U-Paul Pantone, ngemuva kokuvuma amacala ambalwa ayebekwe wona, wangena ejele ngo-2005. Njengamanje ukhululekile ngemuva kokuqeda isigwebo sakhe esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo eProvo, Utah.

2006.- UMTHETHOSIVIVINYO WE-WILLIAMS

Ekuqaleni kuka-2006, uBill Williams waseNyakatho Melika wamemezela ukuthi ugijime iloli lakhe kuphela nge-hydrogen ekhiqizwa iseli yakhe ye-electrolytic, eyaziwa kangcono ngegama likaJoe Cell.

Kamuva wenqaba ukunikeza imininingwane eqondile yalokho okuhlangenwe nakho, ethi wayesongelwa izinto ezimbi.

Isigameko esisolwayo sisize ukubhebhethekisa intshisekelo kwezobuchwepheshe, sikhuthaze isixuku esikhulayo sabantu abanentshisekelo yokuzama ukuziphindaphinda ucwaningo ngokwabo.
UWilliams wayesevele edalule ulwazi oluthile olubalulekile mayelana nomsebenzi wakhe wocwaningo, nokho, phakathi nesikhathi esesidlulile kusukela esatshiswa, akekho okwazile ukukhiqiza impumelelo okuthiwa iphumelele, okubhebhezela, ngisho nangaphezulu, ukungakholwa ngemiphumela emenyezelwe. Williams. Abanye abacwaningi abazifundisayo basondela ngokungesabi, bathola ukonga uphethiloli ofika ku-50% ngosizo lwamandla okushayela e-Joe cell.

Iziqondiso ezitholakalayo njengamanje, eziqoqwe emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kufanele ziphumele ekutheni imoto ikwazi ukwenza u-100% wokuvakasha nge-Joe cell. Ngokusobala, imiyalelo isenganele ngokwanele njengoba ingakaze ihole noma ubani ukuthi afinyelele lowo mphumela wokugcina, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuhlanganisa nokufakwa kulula ukukwenza.

Sesifikile, ngolwazi olwengeziwe ngoBill Williams, encazelweni engasiza ukuxazulula ubunzima okuhlangatshezwe nabo abacwaningi beseli likaJoe. UBill Williams wasebenza namangqamuzana amabili, elinye likhulu kunelinye, kanti kwelinye lawo i-electrolyte yayine-alkaline, kanti kwelinye ine-asidi.

Impumelelo nayo yayinzima kakhulu kuWilliams, owathuthukisa kancane kancane ukusebenza kwama-airframe akhe, wathuthukisa umklamo ka-Stan Meyer futhi wahlola inqwaba yokucushwa nezinto ezisetshenziswayo. Ehlola izingxenye ezihlukene zama-electrolyte akhe, uWilliams kwadingeka akhumule amangqamuzana akhe izikhathi eziningi futhi wathola ukuthi izintambo ezixhumayo zase ziqala ukunqamuka, okubonisa ukuthi kwakudlule umthamo omkhulu kagesi. Futhi ngisho nalapho ukusebenza kusondela ukusebenza kahle okungu-100%, nomsindo wenjini wawubonisa ukuthi idivayisi kungenzeka ingaphephile ngokuphelele.

Eqinisweni, kwakuyinhloso yokwenza iyunithi evamile ye-hydrogen electrolysis kanye nokuthola ukusebenza kahle ngamaseli - into ezuze impumelelo ethile nabantu abaningi kanye nezinkampani - ukuthi uWilliams wahileleka kule ndaba.

Njengoba eqhubeka nokwakha lo mshini, esebenzisa ishubhu lensimbi engagqwali eliwukhonkolo, waqaphela ukuthi ayekutholile kwakungaphezu nje kwengqamuzana elisebenza ngogesi, ngakho wathintana nabantu abathile abanolwazi oluthile ngalobu buchwepheshe. Ngakho waqeda idivayisi yakhe isuka ekwakhiweni kokuqala kwengqamuzana le-electrolysis.

Futhi ngenxa yesizinda sakhe sesayensi njengonjiniyela wemikhumbi, kanye nokuphothula iziqu ze-master in physics enyuvesi, wakuthola kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi yilokhu okwakwenzeka, naphezu kokuba lesi sigameko sasiphambi kwakhe.

2007.- ABAZALWANE BESOLMI

Le njini entsha, evela enkampanini iSolmi, isebenzisa amaphesenti angu-30 amanzi kanye nodizili ongamaphesenti angu-70, futhi kakade isisetshenziswa kwamanye amabhasi asemadolobheni edolobheni laseRosario, eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-300 enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeBuenos Aires, nasemkhunjini ophihliza iqhwa osanda kuqala uhambo lokuya edolobheni. I-Antarctica.

Umkhumbi ophihliza iqhwa 'Patagonia Ice Lady', we-Austral Scientific Exploration Association, uwukuphela komkhumbi emhlabeni osebenza ngenjini yamanzi eyingxube.

Ngaphezu kokonga okuhilelekile ekufakeni amanzi esikhundleni samafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, injini entsha ibambisene nokungcoliswa okuncane kwemvelo e-Antarctica kanye nocwaningo lokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, njengoba enye yezinhloso zohambo kube, ngokunembile, ukuhlaziya isimo sezulu. umthelela waleso simo eqhweni.

Abazalwane uSergio noVíctor Solmi, abasunguli bale njini entsha yemvelo, bakha lo mkhiqizo ngokuyisisekelo ngenxa ‘yokukhathalela kwabo imvelo’, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuthi babecabanga ukuthi ‘elitha elilodwa lamanzi kunamandla amaningi njengakuphethiloli amathathu. ', wachaza.owokuqala ku-Efe.

Umsuka walesi simodeli soguquko kwaba umbuzo owabuzwa eminyakeni emihlanu edlule: 'Kungani imoto ihamba ngesivinini uma lina?'

'Ezinsukwini zakudala, amanzi ayesetshenziswa ukukhulisa amandla ezinjini imizuzu embalwa, kodwa manje inhloso yethu wukonga ugesi kuphela,' kumemezela uSergio Solmi.

'Ngokufunda izincwadi ezindala zemishini sathola umkhuba osalibele wokwengeza amanzi ukuze kwandiswe amandla: le nqubo, eyasetshenziswa phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ayizange isetshenziswe njengoba kwanezelwa ama-turbocharger.

Ubuchwepheshe be-hybrid obuthuthukiswe abazalwane base-Argentina benza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola amandla omlilo ngokukhishwa okuncane futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-hydrocarbon ngamaphesenti angama-20.

'Esikuhlosile ukuthi sibe negalelo ekulweni namagesi abamba ukushisa futhi sikwazi ukuhambisana neSivumelwano sase-Kyoto ngokushesha okukhulu,' wagcizelela.

I-carbon dioxide njengamanje yenza amaphesenti angu-82 engqikithi yesisi esingcolisa umoya; emadolobheni amaphesenti angu-98 alokhu kukhishwa kwegesi aphuma ezimotweni.
‘Ngalolu hlelo akukho zimoto ezishintshwayo, kodwa lezi ezikhona zizothola ubuchwepheshe obuzokwandisa amakhilomitha abangawahamba ngelitha likadizili,’ kuchaza umsunguli.

Izelamani zakwaSolmi, eziphinde zibe ngabashayeli bezimoto, ziyingxenye yezinkampani ezindala eziphethwe yimindeni yama-Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) kuleli, eyasungulwa ngo-1889 edolobheni iSan Pedro, esifundazweni iBuenos Aires.

Ubuchwepheshe base-Argentina, ngokusho kwabasunguli, bucutshungulwa ezinye izinkampani zezimoto ngisho nabaholi bemijaho yezimoto emhlabeni jikelele, abasanda kuveza amathuba okuthi iFormula One ingasebenzisa izinjini eziyingxube.

2008.- ANTONIO IBAÑEZ DE ALBA

Unjiniyela u-Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, njengomqondisi jikelele we-Alba Montecristo laboratories e-Ciudad Real, usungule iyunithi yokuqhuma okuthi, ngokuyingeza enjinini yanoma iyiphi imoto, ikhiphe amaloli, izimoto, ama-mopeds noma izikebhe ngokusetshenziswa kwe- amafutha atholakala kuwoyela, ngaphandle kokuba injini ibe noshintsho olukhulu.

Ngokusho kocwaningo, izinjini zamanje zithuthukisa ukunyakaza ngokuqhuma kukaphethiloli noma udizili, okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwamasilinda, kuyilapho ngale "micro-explosion" kukhiqizwa ukucindezela okuhambisa ama-piston, okubangela ukunyakaza.

Imishini ethulwayo iphakamisa ukukhiqizwa "kokuqhuma okuncane" ngaphandle kwenjini ngokwayo, okunophethiloli owuketshezi oluqinile okhiqiza ingcindezi edingekayo ukuze imoto ihambe ngendlela efanayo nophethiloli wayo ojwayelekile.

Unjiniyela uyaphawula encazelweni yalesi siphakamiso ukuthi ukufakwa kwemishini enjinini yanoma iyiphi imoto "kuzoshesha futhi kube lula", ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushintsha ukwakheka kwayo.

Yize u-Ibáñez engafuni ukucacisa uhlobo lukaphethiloli owuketshezi oluqinile ocwaningweni, uyaqinisekisa ukuthi izindleko zawo zizoba cishe amaphesenti angama-40 entengo yamanje yomgqomo kawoyela, njengoba enze izibalo ezisuselwa enanini lezinto ezingavuthiwe. ezakha lamafutha aqinile.

Nokho, kungenzeka ukusola ukuthi ingxenye eqinile kaphethiloli ingaba i-aluminium, kanye nengxenye yoketshezi (uhlobo oluthile lwe-asidi ehlanjululwe emanzini), ingakhiqiza inani elikhulu le-hydrogen. Eqinisweni, uma siqhathanisa ilitha likadizili, intengo kaphethiloli omusha izoba phakathi kwama-euro angu-0.48 nama-euro angu-0.52, kuye ngekhwalithi yezingxenye zawo.

Umsebenzisi wemoto anganquma uphethiloli ozosetshenziswa, njengoba ukufakwa kwezinto zokusebenza bekungeke kusho ukukhanselwa kwenjini ukuze isebenze ngophethiloli wokuqala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izoba nenjini yomthengi "exubile", ekwazi ukukhetha uphethiloli noma ukusebenzisa leyo eseduze kakhulu.

Njengamanje, unjiniyela ucacisa ukuthi intengo yokuthengisa yemishini ayikwazanga ukulinganiswa, kodwa ukuthi intengo yezinto ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwayo yenza kube lula kakhulu, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokukhiqiza ngobuningi, izindleko zayo zizoncishiswa kakhulu. okokugcina.

Isibonelo, ithi imoto kadizili engu-100CV, esebenzisa amalitha angu-5.2 ngamakhilomitha angu-100, ngentengo yama-euro angu-1.32 ilitha, izobiza ama-euro angu-6.86 ukuhamba amakhilomitha angu-100, kuyilapho ifakwe imishini futhi isebenzisa uphethiloli oqinile - uketshezi, ukuhamba ibanga elifanayo kungasho izindleko eziphakathi kwama-euro angu-2.5 no-2.7.

Ngakho-ke, ilinganisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemishini kanye nophethiloli wayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimoto kungasho ukonga ngamaphesenti angama-50 okusetshenziswa kukawoyela ngenxa yemboni yezimoto, eminyakeni emithathu elandela ukuthengiswa kwayo, ifisa ukucindezelwa ngokuphelele ngesikhathi esisodwa. kweminyaka eyi-10.

Ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwe-prototype lwenziwa kusukela ngo-2004 ezindaweni zokucwaninga zeqembu le-Alba Montecristo, e-Daimiel (Ciudad Real), ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-Antonio Ibáñez de Alba nethimba lakhe lonjiniyela elakhiwe ngu-Ino Feijoo, uFrancisco Javier Avileo. kanye no-Oscar Campos. , ngokubambisana nenkampani yokuklama yezimboni i-Nova Diseño, evela e-Ciudad Real.

2008.- I-GENEPAX

Zonke izinhlobo zisebenza kuma-hydrogen prototypes amasha, ngisho namaJapane azenzela injini yawo yamanzi, i-Genepax, okuyimoto yamaseli kaphethiloli enenjini kagesi. Amanzi ngokwawo awakhiqizi amandla, ake sithi iGenepax ithwala i-hydrogen ngoba iyakwazi ukuhlukanisa i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo emanzini. Uma i-hydrogen isitholiwe, iphakela amabhethri enjini kagesi.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhi ezimbili kwenzeka ngenxa yolwelwesi, lezi zingqimba zenziwe ngezinto ezikwazi ukuhlukanisa i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo emanzini ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Le nkampani ayikadalulanga ukuthi iyini noma isinikeze eminye imininingwane yalolu hlelo kodwa iyasho ukuthi yizinto ebesivele sizazi.

Ukuzimela kuyimizuzu engama-60 ngebanga lika-80 km/h nelitha elilodwa lamanzi. Ukusebenza kahle kwale njini kudlula noma yimaphi ama-hydrogen prototypes akhona ngisho ne-FCX Clarity. Futhi awudingi ngisho namanzi acwecwe, ngisho namanzi olwandle ayasebenza.

Kubonakala sengathi lobu buchwepheshe buthuthuke kakhulu futhi baye balinganisela ukuthi iyunithi ngayinye yale njini (ngaphandle kwemoto) izobiza cishe ama-dollar angu-18.000. Banethemba lokuthi bazoyikhiqiza ngobuningi maduze nje.