I-injini block: ukuthi iyini, ukuthi yenziwe ngani, izingxenye, izinhlobo, ukukhiqiza

Ibhulokhi yenjini iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yemoto yethu. Ukukwazi kuyosisiza sazi ukuthi yini efihliwe ngaphansi kwesivalo futhi siqonde ukusebenza kwemoto yethu. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kudinga a umsebenzi omkhulu wobunjiniyela ukuze isebenze kahle.

Iyini ibhulokhi yenjini

injini block es ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenjini. Yisakhiwo lapho zonke ezinye izakhi zibekwe khona, njengesitoko phezulu, ama-pistons ngaphakathi kanye nesisekelo (uma sinaso) ngaphansi.

Njengoba ubona esithombeni esikhulu, kumayelana ucezu olulodwa olunayo yonke imigodi edingekayo ukuze kufakwe: amasilinda, imigqa yokupholisa kanye nekawoyela, izimbobo zamabhawodi nama-gaskets, njll. Ukwenza i-block eyinkimbinkimbi enjalo ibe yisiqephu esisodwa, yenziwe ngesikhunta sesihlabathi.

I-block yenjini yenziwe kanjani

Ukwenza lesi sikhunta efektri, isihlabathi se-zirconium, iglue kanye ne-hardener kuxutshwe. Lesi sihlabathi sisetshenziswa ngoba sinendawo yokuncibilika ephezulu kakhulu (esondele ku-2.500ºC). Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokwenza ibhulokhi yenjini yilezi:

• Leyo ngxube yesihlabathi ingena ekubunjweni okuyinhloko ukuyinika isimo esifunekayo bese kufakwa igesi eqinisa ingxube. Khona-ke ukubunjwa okuhlukene okubangelwayo kuhlangene, kuhlanganiswe izingxenye ngeglue elikhethekile elimelana nokushisa okukhulu. Ngale ndlela, isikhunta esiphelele sifezwa lapho insimbi encibilikisiwe ijovwa khona.

• Le nsimbi itholakala kuyo izinongo ezifakwa esithandweni sokuncibilika. Uma kuyi-aluminiyamu, ifudunyezwa kufika ku-800ºC ukuze iyincibilike. Njengoba linwebeka kulesi simo, kufanele sebenzisa insimbi eyengeziwe ukunxephezela ukuncipha okwenzeka lapho iqina.
• Ngemuva ijovelwa esikhunjeni kusuka ngezansi, ukugwema ukungcoliswa nge-aluminium oxide. Into edalwa lapho i-aluminium encibilikisiwe ihlangana nomoya. Uma kwenziwa kusuka phezulu, sona kanye isenzo sokukhishwa sizokhipha ukugqwala ngenxa yokuxhumana okukhulu nomoya.
• Isinyathelo esilandelayo wukuyeka phumula amahora ayisithupha kuhhavini wokubuyisela oshisayo. Lokhu kudiliza ingcina ukuze isihlabathi sisuke. Futhi, lokhu kushisa okwengeziwe amahora ambalwa kuqinisa insimbi.
• Ngemuva kwalokhu, ibhulokhi ibekwa ibheke phansi futhi inyakaziswe ukuze kuxege isihlabathi. Ngakho-ke, i-aluminium block iyavezwa futhi idinga izindaba ezimbalwa kuphela uyaphinda:
  • Esokuqala sithi ukusika insimbi eyengeziwe okwafakwa esikhunjeni ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukushwabana okungu-7% okwenzeka ngokuqiniswa kwe-aluminium.
  • Owesibili, pholisha ngokunemba okuphezulu, ukuze banikeze isiphetho esifanele sokusebenzisa kwabo.
• Okokugcina, njengezingxenye eziningi zemoto, iyahlolwa ukuze kubhekwe ukuthi yonke into isesimweni esihle yini.

Injini yenjini yenziwe ngani

Ngokuvamile injini block ngokuvamile zenziwe ngensimbi ekhonjiwe noma i-aluminium. Ngeyokuqala, kukhona ukumelana okukhulu ngevolumu elinganayo futhi okwesibili, isisindo siyagcinwa futhi ukupholisa kuyathuthukiswa.

Lokhu akunjalo kuzo zonke izinjini nokho. umkhuba ojwayelekile ukushintshela ku-aluminium, ngenxa yezizathu eziningi. Isibonelo, imiklamo engcono nekhwalithi yokwakha ephakeme ivumela amabhulokhi enjini ye-aluminium ukuthi abe namandla aphezulu kakhulu. Futhi, ukuthi izinzuzo zalesi sihloko zifiseleka kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa okukhona namuhla (ukunciphisa isisindo).

Mayelana conductivity yayo. Amabhulokhi e-aluminium ane-inertia ephansi eshisayo. Okusho ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esincane ukushisa kanye nesikhathi esincane sokupholisa. Yini engeze umklamo omuhle we ifriji uhlelo futhi i-block ivumela injini yonke ukuthi ifinyelele izinga lokushisa lokusebenza ngokushesha futhi ikhiphe ukushisa ngokuphumelelayo lapho kudingeka.

Isibonelo nje esiphambene ezinye izinjini Ford EcoBoost. Ukugcina amabhlogo ensimbi athatha isikhathi eside ukushisa, adinga amapayipi esibili esipholisa. Ngale ndlela bangakwazi ukusabalalisa ukushisa ngokulinganayo kulo lonke ibhulokhi kusukela ekuqaleni futhi bagweme umehluko oyingozi wokushisa.

Kulokhu, kufanele sengeze ukuthi injini elula eyenziwe nge-aluminium, kwenza kube lula ukufeza ibhalansi yesisindo esingcono phakathi kwe-asi yangaphambili nangemuva. Yini engase sicabange ngcono izimfanelo ashukumisayo imoto.

izingxenye ze-injini block

Nakuba lokhu kukhonjisiwe kwamanye amakhasi ewebhu, hhayi ingxenye block injini izingcezu ezifana ne ikhanda gasket, amapiston, izindandatho, izikhonkwane noma izinduku zokuxhuma. Lezi zonke izingxenye zenjini, kodwa hhayi ibhulokhi yenjini ngokwayo. Indlela efanele yokuhlukanisa izingxenye ezibalulekile zebhulokhi yenjini yizimbotshana zayo ezihlukene:

Amasilinda

Ngaphakathi kwe- injini block siyahlangana amasilinda. Kulapho ama-piston akhiqiza khona ukunyakaza kwenjini ngeziqhumane atholakala khona.

Lezi zingahamba zingenalutho, okungukuthi, ngokuqondile nezindonga ze-block emoyeni, noma zimbozwe ngamahembe. Ukuthi azilutho ngaphandle kwamanye amashubhu amboza amasilinda ukuvimbela ukuguga kwawo ngenxa yokungqubuzana ne piston izindandatho. Okuthile okungajwayelekile kakhulu ezinjinini ezijwayelekile zezimoto zabagibeli.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Imikhono emanzi, eyomile futhi eqondile: umehluko nokufakwa enjini

Ubukhulu bamasilinda buyahlukahluka ngokuya ngokushaywa kanye nobukhulu bepiston. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubukhulu bezindonga ezakha amasilinda buncike ekucindezelweni okusebenzayo injini engaphansi kwayo. Ngokucabangela lokhu, singakusho lokho Los izinjini zikadizili zinezindonga zamasilinda aminyene futhi/noma ukumelana, njengoba zisebenza ngengcindezi ephakeme kunasezinjinini zikaphethiloli

iziteshi zokupholisa

Eceleni kwamasilinda kukhona wonke iziteshi zokupholisa izungeza kuphi i-antifreeze. Ukuklama kwayo kufanele kube okunembile kakhulu ukuze kukhishwe ukushisa ngokuthintana noketshezi, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukumelana kakhulu nezindonga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, ukukhipha ukushisa kufanele kugcine izinga lokushisa ngokwanele ngisho naphakathi kwamaphuzu ahlukene enjini. Uma kungenjalo, umehluko wokunwebeka ungabangela izinkinga.

zemibukiso kawoyela

ezinye iziteshi azoshonaphi amafutha edingekayo engxenyeni ngayinye yenjini. Ngaphandle kwabo, angazi yayizogcoba izingxenye ezihambayo futhi injini ngeke isebenziseke ngesikhathi esifushane.

Umklamo wayo ubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba gcina ukucindezela kwamafutha okulungile kulo lonke uhambo. Ngaleyo ndlela ukugeleza kuzofika ngenani elifanele engxenyeni ngayinye.

ukuhlangana

Ziyizindawo eziklanyelwe namathisela ezinye izingxenye zenjini. Isibonelo: ukuhlanganiswa kwe- Iphampu yamanzi, ukuhlanganisa i-distributor, i-petroli pump coupling, ukusekelwa kwesihlungi samafutha ... nokunye, uma kudingwa yi-design yenjini.

Njengoba ubona, zonke ziyizingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwenjini, okumele ifakwe ngendlela efanele ku-block. Hamba ziboshwe futhi zivaliwe ngama-gaskets ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Njengoba kwenzeka nge-head gasket, okuyiyona ehlupheka kakhulu uma imoto ishisa kakhulu.

i-crankshaft bear

Iphansi futhi injalo lapho i-crankshaft ikhona. Okusho ukuthi, ophethe ukuguqula ukunyakaza okuqondile kwamapiston abe ukunyakaza okujikelezayo okudingekayo ukuhambisa imoto.

I-bearing is the i-crescent eyanga i-crankshaft kusuka phezulu futhi ukuthwala kuwucwephe oluyizungeza ukusuka ngezansi futhi lufihlwe kubhulokhi. Le ngxenye itholakala kuphela kumabhulokhi enjini evaliwe. Sizokhuluma ngakho esigabeni Izinhlobo Zebhulokhi (ngezansi).

eminye imigodi

Ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwenjini, ibhulokhi kufanele ibe nemigodi noma eminye. Isibonelo, imigodi yokuphakamisa i-valve.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Iqhaza Lamavalvu Enjini

Izinhlobo zamabhulokhi enjini

Kuvuliwe noma Kuvaliwe

• Un i-block evulekile nguyena ayifaki noma yikuphi ukusekelwa kwe-crankshaft. Ngakho ibekwe ku ukukhweza injini o ngqo ku-crankcase, njengoba kuklanywe.
• Un ibhulokhi elivaliwe nguyena yebo ihlanganisa ukwesekwa kwe-crankshaft, ngakho-ke inengxenye eyingxenye yenyanga ngezansi ukuze iqoqe (i-bearing) bese kuba amanye ama-screw bearings ukuyilungisa kubhlokhi.

Ngokusho kokuhlelwa kwamasilinda

Ukuma kwe-block, kanye nesakhiwo sayo, ngokuyisisekelo kuncike ohlotsheni lokwakhiwa ukuthi injini inakho, ngokusho kwe izinhlobo zezinjini. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuyafana nalokho okusetshenziswa ezinjinini ezivuthayo:

• Kulayini: Amasilinda abekwe eyodwa ngemuva komunye zibheke phezulu.
• Okumise okwe-V: amasilinda abekwe nge-diagonally futhi ngamabili. Ngale ndlela, izinduku ezimbili zokuxhuma zihlanganiswa ne-crankpin efanayo. Okuhlukile amabhulokhi e-VR, ano-V, kodwa avaliwe kakhulu.
• kwe W: okufana nezinjini ezimbili ze-V zihlangene endaweni eyodwa.
• Ibhokisi: Ibhulokhi yenjini enamasilinda avundlile futhi abhekene.

Idekhi Evuliwe noma Idekhi Evaliwe

Lo mehluko ubhekisela ekuhlelweni kwamapayipi okupholisa. Vula i-Deck kusho ukuthi amasilinda kunjalo ezungezwe iziteshi zokupholisa. Ngakho-ke ukuchithwa kokushisa kulula.

Endabeni yamabhlogo wohlobo umpheme ovaliwe, lama ducts ungawahaqi amasilinda, ngakho amelana kakhulu nokucindezela, kodwa ukupholisa kwawo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kukhona futhi iSemi Open Deck noma iSemi Closed Deck, okuyinhlanganisela yazo zombili izinhlobo. Ngakho-ke, iziteshi zokupholisa zizungeza kancane amasilinda.

Ama-elementi ahlanganiswe nebhulokhi yenjini

UButt

isinqe, evame ukutholakala endaweni yenjini, Iyingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. lapho uklama injini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yisiqephu esiveza ubuthaka obukhulu kakhulu njengoba kufanele imelane ukucindezeleka okuphezulu namazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu ekamelweni lokushisa. Ama-valve nama-camshafts, phakathi kwezinye izakhi, atholakala ngaphakathi kwekhanda le-cylinder.

Izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwekhanda le-cylinder likhulu kakhulu kufana ne-injini block. Ngokuklanywa kwegumbi lomlilo elitholakala ekhanda le-cylinder, isilinganiso sokucindezela lapho injini izosebenza khona siyacatshangelwa, kanye nokuhlelwa kwama-valve.

Phakathi kwekhanda le-cylinder ne-engine block kukhona ikhanda gasket. Umgomo waleli bhodi ukuhlinzeka ukuqina nokuqina. Ngenxa ye-cylinder head gasket, i-antifreeze noma ukuvuza kwamafutha okuvela eziteshini zokugcoba ezihambisanayo nakho kungavinjelwa.

Ibhentshi noma iCarter

Kuye ngomklamo wenjini, ibhulokhi ingaba ne- ibhentshi elihlanganiswe ngezansi, okuyindawo lapho i-crankshaft (ibhlokhi evulekile + umbhede) yayizophumula khona. Uma kungenjalo, izonamathiselwa ngqo i-crankcase, okuyindawo lapho amafutha atholakala khona nalapho athathwa khona ukuze kugcotshwe enye injini.

Ezinye izingxenye zenjini

Futhi, kuye ngomklamo wenjini, ibhulokhi izoba nezingxenye ezihlukene ezinamathiselwe kuyo ukuze isebenze kahle. Kungaba eziningi, kodwa ezivame kakhulu kukhona ipipi lamanzi, lo high pressure fuel futha, the ubakaki wokuhlunga amafutha, Njll

Izithombe – nzhamstarS, Paul Schultz, OK Foundry Company, Inc., Colin, Ramsay Thomson, Eric Kilby, DieselDemon